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MT 13 LAB > F_Chapter 12: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: > Flashcards

F_Chapter 12: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of the Heart

SIZE, LOCATION, ORIENTATION (5)

A
  • Size of a fist, weigh less than a pound
  • Enclosed within the mediastinum
  • Flanked on each side by the lungs
  • Apex points toward the left hip & lies in the 5
    th intercostal rib
  • Base points toward the right shoulder & lies under the 2nd rib
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2
Q

The heart is enclosed by the ________a sac that is made up of three layers

What are the three layers?

A

Pericardium

  1. Fibrous Pericardium
  2. Serous Pericardium
    3.
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3
Q

superficial part; protect the heart and anchors it to the surrounding structure

Layer of the Pericardium

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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4
Q

2 layers of Serous Pericardium

A

1. Parietal Pericardium – lines the interior of fibrous pericardium

2. Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium) – part of the heart wall; Innermost layer of pericardium and outermost layer of the heart wall

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5
Q

Produces lubricating serous fluid which collects in the pericardial cavity – between the serous layers

Layer of the pericardium

A

Serous Pericardium

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6
Q

Allows the heart to beat easily in a frictionless environment

A

Serous Pericardium

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7
Q

Three layers (walls) of the heart

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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8
Q

basically the visceral pericardium; outermost wall

Wall of the heart

A

Epicardium

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9
Q

consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted into ringlike arrangements; the layer that actually contracts

A

Myocardium

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10
Q

Fill in the blanks regarding Myocardium

o Myocardial cells are linked together by ____________
o Intercalated discs contain both ______ and _________
o ___________ allow ions to flow from cell to cell, carrying a wave of excitement across the heart

A
  • Myocardial cells are linked together by intercalated discs
  • Intercalated discs contain both desmosomes and gap junctions
  • Gap Junctions allow ions to flow from cell to cell, carrying a wave of excitement across the heart
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11
Q

thin, glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the
heart chambers

Wall of the heart

A

Endocardium

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12
Q

The heart has 4 hollow cavities or chambers
* 2 ____ and 2 ____

A

Atria and Ventricles

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13
Q

These are the Receiving Chambers

What to Remember for this part?

A

Atria

NOT important in the pumping activity of the heart
* Main function of the atria is just to fill the ventricles with blood

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14
Q

The Discharging Chambers or actual pumps of the heart

What happens if it contracts?
What forms its apex?

A

Ventricles

  • If ventricles contract, blood is propelled out of heart → Circulation
  • Left Ventricle forms its apex
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15
Q

Divides the heart longitudinally

Part of the ventricle

A

Septum

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16
Q

The right side of the heart works as the? It also receives?

A

Pulmonary Circuit Pump

RECEIVES oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body

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17
Q

Blood enters the heart from the ______ & ______

Which side of the heart?

A

Superior & Inferior Vena Cava

Right Side of the Heart

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18
Q

Blood enters the heart from the Superior & Inferior Vena Cava
▪ Pumps it through the ________ which splits into the left and
right __________

Which side of heart?

What do these arteries carrry?

A

▪ Pumps it through the **Pulmonary Trunk **which splits into the left and right Pulmonary Arteries

Right Side of Heart

▪ These** pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs**

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19
Q

Only function of pulmonary circulation is to

What is the process?

A

carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange and return it to the heart

PULMONARY CIRCULATION
→ Vena Cava
→ Right Atrium
→ Right Ventricle
→ Pulmonary Trunk
→Pulmonary Arteries
→ Lungs (capillary)
→ Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium

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20
Q

The left side of the heart is responsible for ____________ circulation, which supplies oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to ALL body organs

A

Systemic circulation

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21
Q

The left ventricle, which pumps blood over the entire body, have
substantially ________ walls than those of the right ventricle

Describe the difference between the walls

A

Thicker walls

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22
Q

Which is a much powerful pump?

Left ventricle (side) or right?

A

Left ventricle

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23
Q

Process of systematic circulation

Which side of the heart?

A

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
→ Pulmonary Veins
→ Left Atrium
→ Left Ventricle
→ Aorta
→ Systemic Arteries
→ Most body tissues (Capillary)
→ Systemic Veins
→ Vena Cava
→ Right Atrium

Left side of the heart

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24
Q

Allow blood to flow in only one direction through the chambers

What direction?

A

Heart Valves

There are 4 heart valves

Direction: From atria through ventricles and out the great arteries

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25
Q

Valves between the atria & ventricles

Main function?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

AV Valves prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract

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26
Q
  1. the left AV Valve, consists of
    two cusps of endocardium?
  2. the right AV Valve, consists of 3 cusps?
A
  1. Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
  2. Tricuspid Valve
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27
Q

anchor the cusps to the
walls of the ventricles

Found in AV valves

A

Chordae Tendineae (“Heart Strings”)

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28
Q

guards the bases ofthe two large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers

2 valves under this?

A

Semilunar (SL) Valves

(1) Pulmonary Semilunar Valve – has three cusps
(2) Aortic Semilunar Valve – has three cusps

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29
Q

When ventricles contract, the cusps of the semilunar valves _____

what action?

A

When ventricles contract, the cusps of the semilunar valves OPEN

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30
Q

The valve system maintains the ________ and prevents arterial blood from reentering the heart

A

one-way blood flow

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31
Q

True or False

Each set of valves operate at different times

A

True

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32
Q

AV Valves:
_____ [Heart Relaxation],
________ [Ventricle Contraction]

What action does the valves make?

A

AV Valves: OPEN [Heart Relaxation],
CLOSE [Ventricle Contraction]

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33
Q

SL Valves:
_____ [Heart Relaxation],
________ [Ventricle Contraction]

What action does the valves make

A

SL Valves:
CLOSED [Heart Relaxation],
OPEN [Ventricle Contraction]

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34
Q

The blood contained in the heart DOES NOT nourish the myocardium. The functional blood supply that oxygenates & nourishes the myocardium are the _______

A

Coronary Arteries

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35
Q

they branch from the base of the aorta andencircle the heart at the junction of the atria and ventricles

A

Coronary Arteries

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36
Q

What happens to coronary arteries when ventricles contract? When heart is relaxed?

A

Ventricles Contract: Coronary arteries are compressed (flow is inhibited, but not stopped completely)

Heart is Relaxed: Coronary Arteries are filled with blood

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37
Q

In one day, the heart pushes the body’s supply of 6 liters of blood through the vessels over ______ times. It pumps about _______ gallons of blood in a single day

A

1,000 times

It pumps about 1,500 gallons of blood in a single day

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38
Q

True or False

Cardiac muscles can beat independently and spontaneously

A

True

Cardiac muscles can beat independently and spontaneously even if all nervous connections are severed

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39
Q

Muscle cells in different areas of the heart have different _____

Without some unifying control system, the heart would be an _________

A

rhythm

Without some unifying control system, the heart would be an uncoordinated and inefficient pump

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40
Q

these muscle Cells in the heart beat about 60 times per minute

A

Atrial cells

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41
Q

these muscle Cells in the heart beat about 20-40 times per minute

A

Ventricular Cells

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42
Q

2 SYSTEMS THAT REGULATE HEART ACTIVITY

A
  1. Autonomic Nervous System
  2. Intrinsic Conduction system (Nodal System)
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43
Q

A system that regulate heart activity: increase and decrease heart rate

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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44
Q

A system that regulate heart activity: built into the heart tissue and sets its basic rhythm

A

Intrinsic Conduction System (Nodal System)

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45
Q

Composed of special tissue found somewhere else in the body

A system that regulates heart activity

A

INTRINSIC (NODAL) CONDUCTION SYSTEM

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46
Q

The tissue in the INTRINSIC (NODAL) CONDUCTION SYSTEM is a mix between

A

Tissue is a mix between muscular and nervous

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47
Q

Intrinsic Conduction System causes the heart muscle ________ to occur in ONLY __________ – from _____ to ______

A

Causes the heart muscle depolarization to occur in ONLY ONE DIRECTION – from atria to ventricles

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48
Q

Enforces a contraction rate of approximately 75 beats per minute on the heart – coordinated beats

A

INTRINSIC (NODAL) CONDUCTION SYSTEM

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49
Q

Most important part of Nodal System. These are tiny cell mass located in the right atrium, has the fastest rate of depolarization in the whole system. It starts each heartbeat and sets the pace for the whole heart

A

SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE

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50
Q

Direction of Nerve Impulse Generation (Depolarization) of the INTRINSIC (NODAL) CONDUCTION SYSTEM

A

(1) SA Node
→ (2) AV Node
→ (3) Atria Contract
→ (4) AV Bundle
→ (5) Purkinje Fibers
→ (6) Ventricles Contract

51
Q

a rapid heart rate (over 100 beats per minute)

Name of the condition

A

Tachycardia

52
Q

is a heart rate that is substantially slower than normal (less than 60 beats per minute)

Name of the condition

A

Bradycardia

53
Q

Neither Tachycardia nor Bradycaria is pathological, but prolonged tachycardia may progress _______

A

fibrillation

54
Q

heart contraction (ventricles)

Cardiac cycle and heart sound

A

Systole

55
Q

heart relaxation (ventricles)

Cardiac cycle and heart sound

A

Diastole

56
Q

refers to the events of one complete heartbeat,during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax;

length is about ____ seconds?

A

Cardiac Cycle

length is about 0.8 seconds

57
Q

Heart sounds are often described as ___ and ____

A

“lub” and “dub”

58
Q

Heart sounds

Firstheartsound (Lub) is caused by the ________; longer and louder

A

closing of the AV

59
Q

Heart Sound

Second Heart Sound (Dub) occurs when the ____________ at the end of ventricular systole

A

Semilunar valves close

60
Q

Cardiac cycle phases

A
  1. Atrial diastole (ventricular filling)
  2. Atrial systole
  3. Isovolumetric contraction
  4. Ventricular systole (ejection phase)
  5. Isovulumetric relaxation
61
Q

Forms the Vascular System

A

Blood vessels

62
Q

contain blood that moves away from the heart

Blood vessels

A

Arteries

63
Q

are smaller arteries, in which it then feeds into the
capillaries

A

Arterioles

64
Q

are smaller veins, in which they receive the blood from the capillaries

A

Venules

65
Q

receive blood from venules, which then finally feeds it into the great veins entering the heart – Venae Cavae

Blood vessels

A

Veins

66
Q

Only the _________ directly serve the needs of the body cells

Blood vessels

Arteries and veins are just _____?

A

CAPILLARIES

just paths

67
Q

TUNICS OF THE BLOOD VESSELS

A
  1. TUNICA INTIMA
  2. TUNICA MEDIA
  3. TUNICA EXTERNA
68
Q

What tunic?

Lines the lumen (interior)

Thin layer of endothelium (Squamous Epithelial Cells)

A

Tunica Intima

69
Q

What tunic?

Resting on a basement membrane (Areolar Connective Tissue)

▪ Function: surface decreases friction as blood flows through lumen

A

Tunica Intima

70
Q

What tunic?

Middle layer
▪ Made up of mostly smooth muscle and elastic fibers

A

Tunica Media

71
Q

What tunic?

A
72
Q

What tunic?

Function:
✓ Active in changing the diameter of the vessels
✓ It constrict or dilates → changes blood pressure (INC or DEC)

A

Tunica Media

73
Q

What tunic?

▪ Composed largely of fibrous connective tissue

A

Tunica Externa

Outermost tunic

74
Q

What tunic?

Function: support and protect the vessels

A

Tunica Externa

75
Q

pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of
the blood vessels

A

Blood Pressure

76
Q

The force that keeps the blood circulating continuously even
between heartbeats

A

Blood pressure

77
Q

Blood pressure follows a It follows a ________ wherein blood moves continuously from areas of high pressure to areas with low pressure

ALWAYS REMEMBER:

A

It follows a blood pressure gradient, wherein blood moves continuously from areas of high pressure to areas with low pressure

78
Q

Highest pressure is in the

A

large arteries closest to the heart and continues to drop throughout the systemic pathway – reaching zero at the right atrium.

79
Q

Why are arteries thicker than veins?

A

Arteries are thicker than veins since there is higher pressure

80
Q

Two arterial blood pressures are usually measured:

A

Systolic Pressure
and Diastolic Pressure

81
Q

pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction

A

Systolic Pressure

82
Q

pressure when the ventricles are relaxing

A

Diastolic pressure

83
Q

Blood pressure is reported in (units) and reported as (type of pressure)

A
  • Reported in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
  • Reported as Systolic Pressure/Diastolic pressure
84
Q

Most common method of measuring blood pressure

A

Auscultatory Method,

85
Q

an INDIRECT measurement which measure blood pressure in the brachial artery

A

Auscultatory Method

86
Q
  • Systolic pressure varies between ________ mm Hg
  • Diastolic Pressure varies between _______ mm Hg
A
  • Systolic pressure varies between 110 and 140 mm Hg
  • Diastolic Pressure varies between 70 to 80 mm Hg
87
Q

generally a systolic blood pressure below 100 mm Hg. Usually associated with long life and an old age free of illness.

A

Hypotension

88
Q

normal response to fever, physical exertion and emotional upset. However, prolonged is pathologic.

A

Hypertension

89
Q

Considered to be hypertension if BP is around _____ or higher

A

Considered to be hypertension if BP is around 140/90 or higher

90
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium

A

Pericarditis

91
Q

Pericarditis often results in a

A

decrease of serous fluid in the pericardial cavity

92
Q

Causes pericardial layers to rub, bind, and stick to each other

A

Pericarditis

93
Q

As they stick, they form painful adhesions that interfere with heart
movement

A

Pericarditis

94
Q

Valve cusps become stiff
* Caused by _______

A

Valvular Stenosis

Valve cusps become stiff
* Caused by repeated bacterial infection of the endocardium

95
Q

Bacterial infection of the endocardium is also known as

In what imbalance is this seen?

A

endocarditis

Valvular Stenosis

96
Q

Forces the heart to contract more vigorously than normal to create
enough pressure to drive blood through the narrowed valve

What are its consequences?

A

Valvular Stenosis

  • Consequences: Heart’s workload increases → heart weakens → fails
97
Q

Under valvular stenosis faulty valve is replaced with a ____

What are the sources of this replacement?

A

synthetic valve

**Sources for valve replacement: **
- Cryopreserved human valve or
- from pigs’ heart (chemically treated)

98
Q

Crushing chest pain
* Results when the myocardium is deprived of oxygen

A

ANGINA PECTORIS

99
Q

Serves as a “warning” and should never be ignored
* If this is prolonged, oxygen-deprived heart cells may die → ____

A

Angina Pectoris

  • If angina is prolonged, oxygen-deprived heart cells may die → infarct
100
Q

What is the result of Angina Pectoris

A

The result is Myocardial Infarction (MI)

101
Q
A
102
Q

Other common names of Myocardial Infarction:

In what imbalance is this found?

A

✓ Heart Attack
✓ Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
✓ Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
✓ Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
✓ Coronary Spasms

Angina Pectoris

103
Q

Cause and Consequences of Heart Block

A

**Cause: **Any damage to the AV node

Consequence: block the ventricles from the control of the SA node

  • The ventricles begin to beat at their own rate, which is much slower
104
Q

What imbalance: Lack of an adequate blood supply to the heart muscle
* May lead to ________

A

Ischemia

May lead to fibrillation – a rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the
ventricles

105
Q

a rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the ventricles; prevents the heart from pumping any blood and is a
major cause of death from heart attack

In what imbalance is this found

A

Fibrillation

Ischemia

106
Q

One way to help a patient suffering from fibrillation is to use ________

In what imbalance is this found?

A

Automatic External Defibrillators (AEDs)

Ischemia

107
Q

Abnormal or unusual heart sounds
* Fairly common in young children and some elderly people with
perfectly healthy hearts

What is considered part of pathologic demography?

A

Heart Murmurs

Those not included in 1st demographic (young children and some elderly p

108
Q
  • If a valve does not close tightly, a _________sound will be heard as the blood flows back through the partially open valve
  • Distinct sounds can also be heard when blood flows through_________

In what imbalance is this found?

A
  • If a valve does not close tightly, a “swishing” sound will be heard as the blood flows back through the partially open valve
  • Distinct sounds can also be heard when blood flows through stenosed (narrowed) valves

Heart Murmurs

109
Q

Common in people who stand for long periods of time, obese, or pregnant individuals

A

Varicose veins

110
Q

Common factors that lead to Varicose veins

A

✓ Pooling of blood in the feet and legs
✓ Inactivity/Pressure on Veins → Inefficient venous return

111
Q

a serious complication, in which it is the inflammation of a vein that results when a clot forms in a vessel with poor circulation

In what imbalance is this found?

A

Thrombophlebitis

Varicose veins

112
Q

In Varicose Veins, all venous blood must pass through the pulmonary circulation; hence, it risks the person from having ________

A

Pulmonary Embolism

113
Q

a temporary decrease in blood pressure resulting from the sudden rise from a reclining or sitting position

A

Orthostatic Hypotension

114
Q

Type of Hypotension which may hint at poor nutrition and inadequate
levels of blood proteins

A

Chronic Hypotension

115
Q

Type of Hypotension: one of the most important warnings of
Circulatory Shock

A

Acute Hypotension

116
Q

is a condition in which the blood vessels are inadequately filled, and blood cannot circulate normally. The
most common cause is _______

A

Circulatory Shock

most common cause is blood loss

117
Q

A common and dangerous disease that warns of increased peripheral resistance. Progresses without symptoms for the first 10 to 20 years

A

Chronic Hypertension

118
Q

It slowly and surely strains the heart and damage the arteries. “Silent Killer”

A

Chronic Hypertension

119
Q

Chronic Hypertion also ravages blood vessels, causing _____ and accelerates the progress of _______

A

Chronic Hypertension also ravages blood vessels, causing small tears and accelerates the progress of atherosclerosis

120
Q

Accounts for ~90% of people with hypertension. This cannot attributed to any specific organic cause

A

Primary (essential) Hypertension

121
Q

What factors are involved in Primary Hypertension?

A

diet, obesity, heredity, race, stress

122
Q

More women than men are hypertensive. In what type of hypertension?

A

Primary (essential) hypertension

123
Q

What type of hypertension?

More blacks than Caucasians are hypertensive

Child of hypertensive parents is twice as likely to develop high blood
pressure

A

Primary (essential) Hypertension

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