F1: Standard Setting, Income Statement, and Reporting Requirements Flashcards
Standard Setting Bodies in the US ~
SEC has the legal authority to establish US GAAP
SEC + 3 different bodies have determined GAAP
- SEC
- established by Securities Exchange Act of 1934
- all companies who issue securities in US must register w SEC - Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP)
- part time committee of AICPA that promulgated Accounting Research Bulletins (ARBs) - Accounting Principles Board
- another part time committee of AICPA
- issued Accounting Principles Board Opinions and APB Interpretations - Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
- independent, full time organization
- determined GAAP since 1973
- issues a bunch of stuff*
- 7 full time members who serve for 5 year terms and may be reappointed 1 additional 5 year term
- Board members must sever connections w firms or institutions before joining the Board
FASB Accounting Standards Codification
US GAAP
became single source of authoritative nongovernmental US GAAP
- practices not in the Codification are not GAAP
Authoritative Literature Included in Codification
US GAAP
“FEDPRIA”
- Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)*
- Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) Abstracts and Topic D
- Derivative Implementation Group Issues
- Accounting Principles Board Opinions
- Accounting Research Bulletins
- Accounting Interpretations
- American Institute of Certified Public Accountings (ACIPA)*
SEC Standards included in the Codification
US GAAP
to increase usefulness of the Codification for public companies
“Regulation For Accounting IS Emerging”
- Regulation S-X
- Financial Reporting Releases (FRR)
- Accounting Series Releases (ASR)
- Interpretative Releases (IR)
- Staff Accounting Bulletins (SAB)
- EITF Topic D and SEC Staff Observer Comments
- just part of the SEC rules and regulations, not all!
Private Company Council (PCC)
US GAAP
Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) created the PCC to improve standard setting for privately held companies
- goal: to establish alternatives to GAAP to make private company financial statements more relevant, less complex, and cost-beneficial
Ongoing Standard Setting Process
US GAAP
FASB updated Accounting Standards Codification for new US GAAP issued by FASB and amendments to SEC content with Accounting Standards Update
- process: F1-5
- Accounting Standards Updates are not authoritative literature, just provides background info, update the codification, and describes basis for conclusions on changes
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
established in 2001 as part of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Foundation
- purpose: to develop a single set of high quality, global accounting standards
- 15 full time members, 2 part time members
- in addition, IFRS also sponsors International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC)
International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC)
provides guidance on newly identified financial reporting issues that may not have already been addressed in the IFRSs and assists the IASB in achieving international convergence of accounting standards
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
when the IASB was created, it adopted the International Accounting Standards (IAS), issued by old Board of the International Accounting Standards Committee
IASB issued IFRS + other stuff
*IFRS includes: IFRSs, IASs, and Interpretations developed by the IFRIC and former SIC
Ongoing Standard Setting Process
IFRS
An IFRS must be approved by at least 9 members of IASB
Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting
IFRS
describes the basic concepts that underline the preparation and presentation of financial statements for external users
- basic reasoning behind the standards
- not an IFRS
- assists IASB in developing IFRSs, evaluating existing ones, and reducing number of alternatives
GAAP vs IFRS
- IFRS: refer to and consider the application of Conceptual Framework when developing acct policies
- GAAP: Conceptual Framework can not be applied to specific acct issues
International Convergence of Accounting Standards
original goal: single set of high quality international standards that could be used for domestic and cross border
- FASB and IASB cooperated for years to eliminate differences, but couldn’t do it
- most projects discontinued and pursuing it’s own agendas
SEC has not announced whether or when IFRS will be incorporated, but probably not
- but does state an initiative to work to promote higher quality global standards is achievable*
- but doesn’t mention IFRS
Conceptual Framework underlying Financial Accounting
US GAAP
FASB created a conceptual framework (SFAC) that serves as basis for all FASB pronouncements
- SFAC are not GAAP
- basic reasonings
SFAC No. 8 Chapter 1: The Objective of General Purpose Financial Reporting
Objective: provide financial info that’s useful to the primary users of the financial reports to make decisions
Primary Users
- external users
- existing and potential investors, lenders, and other creditors
Financial Info Provided
- resources/assets, claims against the resources/liabilities, efficiency and effectiveness of management and board
- GR: financial info should be presented using accrual basis
- used to assess the reporting entity’s prospects for future net cash inflows* to estimate the value of the entity
SFAC No. 8 Chapter 3: Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial Information
helps make decisions about the reporting entity based on financial information
Fundamental Qualitative Characteristics
- Relevance and Faithful
Relevance - if it's capable of making a difference in decisions made by users - passing confirms money "PCM": \+ Predictive Value \+ Confirming Value \+ Materiality
Faithful Representation (Reliable)
- “Completely neutral is free from error”
- doesn’t need to be perfect
- Completeness: primary FS + notes
- Neutrality: free from bias
- Free from Error: no errors in selection/application of process and no errors or omissions in description
Steps to Apply the Fund. Qual. Char.
- F1-9
Enhancing Qualitative Characteristics
- “Compare and Verify In Time to Understand”
- comparability, verifiability, timeliness, and understandability enhance the usefulness of the info that is relevant and faithfully represented
- Cost Constraint: Benefit > Cost
SFAC No. 4: obj of nonbusiness orgs ~
what sticks sticks it’s wtv
F1-10
SFAC No. 5: Recognition and Measurement in the Financial Statements
recognition criteria and guidance on what and when info should be incorporated in financial statements
- Full set of Financial Statements*
- Fundamental Recognition Criteria
- Measurement Attributes for Assets and Liabilities
- variety of ways
- historical cost: pp&e
- current cost: inventory
- net realizable value: A/R
- current market value: marketable securities
- PV of future cash flows: LT debts “bonds” - Fundamental Assumptions (of GAAP)
- Entity
- Going Concern
- Monetary Unit
- Periodicity
- Historical Cost
- Revenue Recognition Principle: when earned and realized/realizable
- Matching Principle
- Accrual Accounting: record rev and exp w/o exchange of cash
- Full Disclosure Principle: notes “completeness”
- Conservatism Principle: revenues when earnings is complete (wait on), expenses/losses immediate
- dont overstate assets or understate liabilities
GAAP vs IFRS
- IFRS only has one assumption- going concern
SFAC No. 6: Elements of Financial Statements
“REGL ALE needs ID”
Comprehensive Income
- difference b/w beginning equity and ending equity other than transactions w owners
- net income + other comprehensive income
IS: REGL
- revenues
- expenses (both are operating)
- gains: SP > BV
- losses: SP < BV, impairment/writedown (both are non-operating)
BS: ALE
- assets
- liabilities
- equity: residual interest
excluded from comprehensive income: ID
- Investments by Owners
- Distributions to Owners
GAAP vs IFRS
- IASB adds *Capital Maintenance adjustments are increases or decreases in equity from reevaluation or restatement of assets and liabilities
SFAC No. 7: Using Cash Flow Info and Present Value in Accounting Measurements
5 Elements of PV Measurement
- estimate future cash flow
- expectations about timing of future cash flows
- time value of money
- price for uncertainty (credit risk)
- other factors
PV Computations
- Traditional Approach
- scheduled known payments like contractual
- PV bonds
- interest rate selection is paramount - Expected Cash Flow Approach
- uncertain future payments
- PV of warranties
- uses only risk free rate of return
- consider range of possible cash flows and assign probability to calculate expected value of future cash flow
Uses of IS
IS is useful in determining profitabiliy, value for investment purposes, and credit worthiness
- performance over a period of time
- also used to predict info about future cash flow based on past performance
Presentation Order of Major Components of Income and Retained Earnings Statement
“IDA”
Income from Continuing Operations
- shown twice: income before tax and net income
- includes operating activities and nonoperating activities
- IS
Discontinued Operations
- reported net of tax
- IS
change in Accounting Principle
- GR: reported net of tax
- in Retained Earnings Statement
- you can change if it will present financial information more fairly than the old method
- no more extraordinary items F1-18
Multiple Step Income Statement
reports operating revenues and expenses separately from nonoperating and gains/losses
- benefit is enhanced user info
*R1-19
Single Step Income Statement
total expenses (including income tax expense) are subtracted from total revenues
Discontinued Operations
3 calculations
- impairment loss
- gain/loss from actual operations
- gain/loss on disposal
- included in period which they occur, not before
Component of an Entity
Discontinued Operations
part of an entity, the lowest level for which operations and cash flows can be clearly distinguished from the rest of the entity
US GAAP synonymous terms:
- operating segment, reportable segment, reporting unit, subsidiary, or asset group
IFRS:
- major line of business, geographic area, subsidiary
Business
integrated set of activities and assets that is conducted and managed for the purpose of providing a return to investors, owners, members or participants
Nonprofit Activity
integrated set of activities and assets managed for purpose of providing benefits other than goods or services at a profit
Held for Sale
Discontinued Operations
component of a business (GAAP) or a disposal group (IFRS) is classified as held for sale in a period when ALL criteria is met:
- management commits to plan to sell
- available for immediate sale in present condition
- active program to locate buyer
- sale is probably and expected to be completed w/i 1 year*
- sale is actively marketed
IFRS vs GAAP
- IFRS: individual assets/liabilities must be tested for impairment
- GAAP: impairment analysis of entire component