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PART 1 > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Normal tear menisucs is _mm above eyelid margin

A

1mm

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2
Q

Which has a lower refractve index air or tear film

A

air

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3
Q

what are the 2 layers of tear film

A

lipid layer over mucoaqueous phase

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4
Q

Tear film thickeness ___um

A

3.4um

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5
Q

steady state volume of tears is

A

7.4uL

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6
Q

Name 2 glands part o f the accessory lacrimal gland

A

Glands of Krause
Glands of Wolfring

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7
Q

Which ions regulate osmotic flow

A

Na, K, Cl

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8
Q

Which ion regulated tear pH

A

Bicarbonate

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9
Q

Most common immunoglobulin in the tear film

A

IgA

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10
Q

Corneal avascularity is maintained by

A

VEGF receptor 1 . Blocks VEGF A

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11
Q

Oxygen supply to cornea via

A

precorneal tear film

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12
Q

Primary metabolic substrate of cornea is

A

Glucose

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13
Q

Can Bowman’s layer regenerate

A

No

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14
Q

Why does LASEK cause central haze compared to LASIK

A

LASEK Bowman layer is removed whereas in LASIK bowman layer transected by retained

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15
Q

Stoma makes up _% corneal thickness

A

90%

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16
Q

Major type of collagen in stroma

A

Type I

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17
Q

Which collagen type associated with stromal healing

A

Tpye III

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18
Q

AFter collagen____ are second most abundant biological constintuent in corena

A

Proteoglycans

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19
Q

Most abundant collagen in Descemet membrane

A

Type IV

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20
Q

aqeous humour is secreted by

A

Non pigmented ciliary epithelium

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21
Q

Aqueous humour has high or low protein content

A

low

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22
Q

Aqueous humour has high or low acorbate content

A

high

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23
Q

refractive index of aqueous humour

A

1.336

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24
Q

Lens refractive index

A

1.390

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25
Q

Lens relies on ____ for ATP production

A

glycolysis

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26
Q

What gives the lens a high refractive index

A

High amount of porteins suchs as crystallins

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27
Q

Main collagen type in lens capsule

A

Type IV

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28
Q

Which part of lens capsule is thicker anterior or posterior

A

anterior

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29
Q

Wavelenghth shorter than 400nm is referred to as

A

UV light

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30
Q

Wavelenghths lower than 30nm is blocked by which parts of the eye (2)

A

cornea and ascorbate

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31
Q

Vitreous makes up __ % volume of the eye

A

80

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32
Q

Stickler syndrom is due to mutation in gene COL2A1 which codes for_____

A

Type II collagen

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33
Q

which part of the eye has highest rate of oxygen comsumption

A

retinaa

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34
Q

light induces ________ , leading to cascade of reaction in the ______ outer segments called _______ which convertes light energy into electrical enegy

A

hyperpolarisation, photoreception, phototransduction

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35
Q

which are more sensitive to light, rods or cones?

A

rods

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36
Q

Two laminar structures line the back of the eye _____ and ____

A

RPE and neural retina

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37
Q

name the 3 glial cells in the retina

A

Muller, astrocytes, microglia

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38
Q

rods are highly sensitive and can be activated by a ____ photon and have a ____ surface area compared to cones

A

single, wider surface area

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39
Q

Cones are _____ sensitive than rods but can adapt to a wider range of light intensities and respond more rapidly to ____ stimulation

A

less, repetitive

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40
Q

In rod outersegments, there are roughly ____ discs and __________ membrane bound rhodopsin molcules in each disc

A

1000 discs
1 million rhodopsin molecules

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41
Q

rhodopsin in insensitive to ______ light

A

red light

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42
Q

rhodopsin ins embedded in the ____ membrane of outer segment

A

lipid membrane

43
Q

in dark responses of rod:
rhodopsin is active or inactive?
Na channels open or closed
the rod is in a depolarised or hyperpolarised state?
glutamate released or not at synpatic cleft to bipolar cell?
bipolar cell hyperpolarised or depolarised

A

inactive
open
depolarised
glutatmate released
hyperpolarised

44
Q

In light responses:
rhodopsin is active or inactive?
Na channels open or closed
the rod is in a depolarised or hyperpolarised state?
glutamate released or not at synpatic cleft to bipolar cell?
bipolar cell hyperpolarised or depolarised

A

active
closed
hyperpolarised
glutamate not released
bipola cell depolarised

45
Q

S cones, short wavelength sensitive cones create what colour. vision

A

blue yellow

46
Q

Middle waveleghth sensitive cones detect what type of colour

A

black white high resolution achromatic contrast

47
Q

L cones create what colour vision

A

red green

48
Q

what is the most common RHO mutation in RP

A

P23H

49
Q

What are the 3 main cells involved in information flow from photoreceptor to optic vernce

A

Photoreceptor -> bipolar->ganglion

50
Q

mutation of which gene leads to Leber congential amaurosis

A

RPE 65

51
Q

RPE is a monolayer of epithelial cells that lie between _____ and _____

A

choriocapilliaris and photoreceptor outersegments

52
Q

how many RPE cells per eye

A

4-6million

53
Q

RPE cells are joined on the apical side by ___ ____

A

tight junctions

54
Q

where are pigment granules in RPE cells

A

cytoplasm

55
Q

this visual cycle is the conversion of ______ to _______ _______

A

11 cist retinal to all trans retinal to all trans retinol

56
Q

this isemoersation of 11 cis retinal to all trans retinal is known as

A

bleaching

57
Q

Phototransduction occurs where in the photoreceptor

A

photoreeptor outer segments

58
Q

Int he visual pathway what is the first order neurone and second order neurone

A

first - photoreceptor ( rod or cone)
second - bipolar cell which synapses with ganglion cell

59
Q

What are the 2 populations of ganglion cells and their function

A

parvocellular - fine VA and colour
Magnocellular - motion detection and coarser vision

60
Q

At the optic chaism _____ fibres cross and _____ fibres remain uncrossed

A

nasal
temporal

61
Q

THe optic tracts progress to the _________ on the ______________

A

lateral geniculate nucleus
posterior surface of the thalamus

62
Q

In the LGN crossed fibres terminate to

A

Lamniae 1,4,6

63
Q

In the LGN uncrossed fibres terminate to

A

Laminae 2,3,5

64
Q

in the LGN ganglion cell fibres synapse with cells that connect via optic radiations to _______ area____

A

occipital cortex area 17

65
Q

IN utero, at how many weeks do the edges of the optic stalk seal near the forebrain

A

5-6 weeks

66
Q

What is the name of the remnant of glial cells and posterior hyaloid vessels that may persist at the optic nerve head

A

Bergmeister’s papilla

67
Q

WHat is the anterior remnant of hyaloid vessels on the posterior lens capsule

A

Mittendorf’s dot

68
Q

When are optic nerve fibres maximal

A

in utero, decrease before birth

69
Q

How many ganglion cells axons are there

A

1.2 million

70
Q

At what point do ganglion cell acons become myelinated

A

once exited lamina cribosa

71
Q

lenghth of optic nerve

A

40mm

72
Q

what is the role of microglial cells

A

resident macrophages

73
Q

what is the role of astrocytes

A

structural support and regulate potassium

74
Q

what is the role of oligodendrocytes

A

myelination

75
Q

diameter of optic disc

A

1.5mm

76
Q

How long optic nerve orbital portion

A

25mm

77
Q

Ciliary ganglion lies between ____ and______

A

optic nerve and lateral rectus

78
Q

How long intracanalicular portion of optic nerve

A

5mm

79
Q

dimensions of optic chiasm

A

12mm x 8mm

80
Q

Which fibress pass in the anterior and inferior chiasm

A

inferior nasal fibres

81
Q

which fibres pass in the posterior and superior chiasm

A

superior nasal

82
Q

If a bitemporal hemianopia is superioirly dense where is the compression

A

inferior compression e.g. pit adenoma

83
Q

If a bitemporal hemianopia is inferiorly dense where is the compression

A

superior compression e.g craniopharnygioma

84
Q

Pretectal nucleus is reponsible for

A

pupillary light reflexes

85
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus responsbile for

A

circadian rhythm

86
Q

Pulvinar nucleus responsible for

A

Visual attention and motor integration

87
Q

Parvocellular reticular formation responsible for

A

arousal

88
Q

Blood supply of optic tract

A

Posterior communicating artery
Pial arteries

89
Q

From pretectal nuclues fibres pass to _____ nuclei

A

Edinger Westphal nuclei

90
Q

From EW nuclei parasympathetic fibres travel in the _______ to the ________

A

oculomotor nerve to the ciliary ganglion

91
Q

From EW nuclei postganglionic fibres travel in the _______ to the ________

A

short ciliary nerves to the constrictor pupillae

92
Q

In the lateral geniculate nucleus, layers 1 and 2 receive data from

A

peripheral retina vai magnocellular pathway

93
Q

In the lateral geniculate nucleus, layers 3-6 receive data from

A

fovea via parvocellular pathway

94
Q

where do optic radiations terminate

A

striate visual cortex area 17

95
Q

Are parvocellular fibres fast or slow fibres

A

slow fibres

96
Q

magnocellular fibres are fast or slow fibres

A

fast fibres

97
Q

parvocellular fibres go to which layers of LGN

A

layers 3-6

98
Q

magnoceullular fibres go to which laters of LGN

A

layers1-2

99
Q

conjunctiva emryologically derived from?

A

surface ectoderm

100
Q

name the 2 accessory lacrimal glands

A

Krausse and Wolfring

101
Q

Where is Gland of Krause

A

superioir fornix

102
Q

Where is Gland of Wolfring

A

superior tarsal border

103
Q

the accessory glands provide ____ tear production

A

basal

104
Q

conjunctival sac has ___ microlitre capacity

A

25-30

PART 1 (10 decks)

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