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Eye Flashcards

1
Q

State one side effect of using eye gels/drops/ointments?

A

Transient blurred vision. Patients should not drive or perform skilled tasks until vision is clear

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2
Q

How are eye drops instilled into the eyes?

A

Gently pulling down on the lower eyelid, blinking a few times to ensure even spread, then closing the eye

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3
Q

How long of an interval should patients leave between drops if using two preparations?

A

5 minutes. Apply ointment after drops

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4
Q

What is the expiry once gel/ointments/eye drops are used at:

A

Home = 28 days
Hospital ward = 1 week
Surgery = single use application

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5
Q

State a preservative used in eye care?

A

Benzalkonium chloride

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6
Q

State two side effects of Benzalkonium chloride?

A

Stinging & Irritation

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7
Q

Which two drugs can stain and discolour contact lenses?

A

Rifampicin & Sulfasalazine

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8
Q

What colour does Rifampicin stain contact lenses?

A

Red

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9
Q

What colour does Sulfasalazine stain contact lenses?

A

Yellow/Orange

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10
Q

Which drugs can cause corneal oedema?

A

oral contraceptives, particularly those with higher oestrogen content

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11
Q

Which drugs reduce eye movement and blink reflex?

A

anxiolytics, sedative, antihistamines and muscle relaxants

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12
Q

What are the two treatments for dry eyes and frequency?

A

Hypromellose – OD every hour
Carmellose – OD QDS

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13
Q

What are the three main dangers associated with corticosteroids in the eyes?

A
  • red eye can be due to herpes virus, which would be aggrevated by corticosteroids
  • steroid glaucoma can occur
  • steroid cataract can follow prolonged use
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14
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Chloramphenicol

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15
Q

When are ciclosporin eye drops licensed?

A

severe keratitis in patients with dry eye disease which has not improved despite tear substitutes

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16
Q

What is the treatment for viral conjunctivitis associated with herpes simplex virus?

A

Aciclovir 5 times daily until 3 days after healing

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17
Q

What is the treatment for blepharitis?

A

Hygiene measures / Chloramphenicol ointment on eyelid / fusidic acid cream for staphylococcal infection

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18
Q

What are the two side effects of topical corticosteroids?

A

Cataracts & steroid glaucoma

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19
Q

What is the treatment for corneal ulcers?

A

Intensive course with ciprofloxacin eye drops – OD one drop every 15 minutes for the first 6 hours

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20
Q

Give one major interaction with phenylephrine?

A

MAOI interaction and risk of hypertensive crisis

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21
Q

Define glaucoma?

A

Group of eye disorders characterised by loss of visual field associated with pathological cupping of the optic disc and optic nerve damage.
Raised Intra-ocular pressure

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22
Q

What are the risk factors for glaucoma?

A

Age, family hx, ethnicity, corticosteroid use, myopia, type 2 diabetes, cv disease, hypertension

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23
Q

What is chronic open-angle glaucoma?

A

Where drainage of aqueous humour is restricted

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24
Q

What is acute-closed angle glaucoma?

A

Outflow of aqueous humour from the eye is totally obstructed. It has an abrupt onset of symptoms, and is a sight-threatening medical emergency, requires urgent reduction of IOP to prevent loss of vision.

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25
What are the first line treatments for glaucoma?
Beta-blocker eye drops OR Prostaglandin analagoue eye drops. If response not adequate then add something like dorzolomide
26
How is occular hypertension treated?
- No risk of visual impairment = monitor - 24mmHg or more = laser surgery
27
State one beta-blocker eye drops?
Betaxolol
28
State one contra-indication of beta-blocker eye drops?
Asthma – due to risk of bronchospasm
29
State one prostaglandin analogue?
Bimatoprost / latanoprost
30
Where do you store latanoprost?
Fridge 2-8 degrees
31
What is the MHRA advice associated with latanoprost?
Tell healthcare professional if they experience eye irritation severe enough to consider stopping tx.
32
What patient/carer advice is there for latanoprost (Or any prostaglandin analogues)?
Possible changes to eye colour - brown pigmenetation can occur. Elongation of eyelash hair can occur
33
What are the second line treatments for glaucoma?
Sympathomimetic eye drops – Brimonidine Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor eye drops – Brinzolamide/Dorzolamide eye drops / Acetazolamide taken orally
34
What are the symptoms of Closed Angle Glaucoma (medical emergency):
Cloudy eye, hazy eyes, blurred vision, vomiting, headache, intense eye pain, rainbow coloured lights
35
Which four drug classes reduces blink rate?
Anxiolyitics, hypnotics, antihistamines and muscle relaxants
36
Which drugs increases lacrimation?
Ephedrine and hydralazine
37
Which drug classes reduces lacrimation?
Antihistamines, antimuscarinics, phenothiazines, beta-blockers, diuretics, tri-cyclic antidepressants
38
How can isotretinoin affect contact lens wear?
Cause conjunctival inflammation
39
How can Aspirin affect contact lens wear?
Salicylic acid is absorbed into tears – leading to irritation
40
State one use of sodium cromoglicate and nedocromil eye drops?
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis
41
State one use of lodoaxmide?
Allergic conjunctival conditions including seasonal allergic conjunctivitis
42
State one use of cenegermin?
Moderate to severe neurotrophic keratitis
43
Which eye drop can be sold to adults and children over 4 for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis?
Lodoxamide 0.1 eye drops
44
State one side effect of nedcromil eye drops?
Taste altered/ eye discomfort and eye strain
45
State two uses of nepafenac eye drops?
Prophylaxis and treatment of postoperative pain and inflammation associated with cataract surgery And Reduction in the risk of postoperative macular oedema associated with cataract surgery in diabetic patients
46
How does ciclosporin work?
Inhibits production and release of lymphokines, thereby suppressing cell-mediated immune response
47
How does cenegermin work?
It is a recombinant form of corneal integrity; endogenous human nerve growth factor
48
State two drugs which are used in cycloplegia?
Atropine and cyclopentolate hcl
49
State a drug which is uses in anterior uveitis?
Atropine/ cyclopentolate hcl/ homatropine hydrobromide
50
State a function of Hypromellose?
Tear deficiency (every hourly)
51
How does polyvinyl alcohol work?
Increases the persistence of the tear film and is useful when the ocular surface mucin is reduced
52
state a function of sodium hyaluronate?
Management of tear deficiency
53
Which eye drop is used for corneal oedema?
Sodium chloride eye drops
54
Which ointment is used for eye surface lubrication?
Paraffin, yellow, soft ointment
55
What is blepharitis and conjunctivitis often caused by?
Staphylococci
56
What is the difference between conjunctivitis and blepharitis?
Blepharitis is an irritation and inflammation of the eyelids. Conjunctivitis is an irritation and inflammation of the conjunctiva.
57
Which 4 drugs are effective for infections causes by pseudomas aeruginosa?
Gentamicin, tobramycin, quinolones (except moxifloxacin, polymyxin B
58
What are ciprofloaxin eye drops used for?
Corneal ulcer (intensive application especially first 2 days)
59
State a function for azithromycin eye drops?
Trachomatous conjunctivitis caused by chlamydia trachomatis
60
State one function of propamidine isetionate eye drops?
Treatment for acanthamoeba keratitis
61
State one function for cefuroxime for eye treatment?
Prophylaxis of endopthalmitis following cataract surgery
62
Which two drugs can treat dendritic corneal ulcer?
Aciclovir and ganciclovir
63
What rare side effect can you get whilst takin ciprofloxacin 0.3% eye drops?
Ear pain
64
Which quinolone eye drops can cause tongue swelling and oropharyngeal swelling as a side effect?
Ofloxacin
65
State 3 common side effects of chloramphenicol?
Angioedema, eye stinging, fever, skin reactions, bone marrow disorders, paraesthesia
66
State a drug class that dilates the pupil and paralyses the ciliary muscle in eye?
Antimuscarinics
67
State a short-acting weak mydriatic?
Tropicamide – doa 4-6 hours
68
State the doa of cyclopentolate hcl?
Upto 24 hours
69
State the doa of atropine sulfate?
Upto 7 days
70
State an alpha2 adrenoreceptor agonist?
Apraclonidine
71
State how does Apraclonidine reduces intra-ocular pressure?
Reducing production of aqueous humour
72
State a function of acetylcholine when administered in the anterior chamber of eye?
Miosis – doa 20 minutes
73
State a function of povidone-iodine?
Peri-ocular and conjunctival antisepsis
74
State an ocular local anaesthetic?
Oxybuprocaine hcl / tetracaine / lidocaine / proxymetacaine
75
Which ocular local anaesthetic is common in children and why?
Proxymetacaine as it causes less initial stinging
76
Define ocular hypertension in terms of mmHg?
IOP greater than 21 mmHg
77
State one synthetic prostamide?
Bimatoprost
78
State the treatments for ocular hypertension and chronic open angle glaucoma?
1 – prostaglandin analogue / synthetic prostamide 2 – alternative prostaglandin analogue 3 – topical beta-blocker (timolol, betaxolol, levobunol hcl) 4 – carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (dorzolamide, brinzolamide) Or apraclonidine / brimonidine / pilocarpine (can be monotherapy or combination therapy)
79
What is the treatment of advanced chronic open angle glaucoma?
Surgery with mitomycin treatment
80
Which eye drops can cause sulfonamide like side effects as a side effect?
Dorzolamide
81
What age does age-related macular degeneration occur?
55 years and over
82
What is the treatment for wet active age-related macular degeneration?
Anti vegf – Aflibercept / Ranibizumab / bevacizumab who’s visual acuity between 6/12 and 6/96

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