Extras Flashcards
Translocations for CML, APL, and Burkitt’s lymphoma: the translocation name + chromosomes involved
- CML: BCL-ABL; 9:22
- APL: PML-RAR 15:17
- Burkitt’s: MYC/IgH; 8:14
Karyolysis vs pyknosis vs karyorrhexis in necrosis
- Karyolysis: DNA fragmentation
- Pyknosis: nuclear shrinkage
- Karyorrhexis: fragmentation of pyknotic nucleus
Dry vs wet gangrene
Dry: coagulation necrosis of a limb
Wet: liquefactive necrosis of a limb
Fibrinoid necrosis
Vascular damage due to immune complexes being deposited in blood vessels
Proteins involved in necroptosis
RIPK1 and RIKP3
Reperfusion injury mechanism
Ca from blood overloads injured tissues bc mitos cant handle the Ca -> forms free radicals and cytokines
Niemann-Pick disease
Lysosomal storage disease -> cholesterol deposits form in many organs
What enzyme forms lipofuscin granules
Lipid peroxidase
Four phases of scar formation
- Platelet plug forms to stop bleed
- Cell prolif for up to 10 days - ep, endothelium, fibroblasts
- Formation of granulation tissue - fibroblasts and delicate caps in ECM
- CT deposition progressively replaces granulation tissue
What day of wound healing by first intention does neuro Vascularization reach its peak?
5th day
Lipoxins
Suppress inflammation
Th1, Th2, and Th17 major cytokines and their functions
Th1: IFN-y -> activate M1s
Th2: IL-4,5,13 -> activate M2s
Th17: IL-17 -> recruit neutrophils
Histo of granulomatous inflammation
- Pink granular cytoplasm
- Epithelioid boundaries with a collar of lymphocytes
- Giant Langhan’s cells: multi nucleated mass of macrophages
What causes nutmeg liver
Heart failure -> decreased hepatic venous flow -> centrilobular necrosis -> nutmeg liver
HITT
IgG reacts against heparin + platelet factor 4
Five categories of shock
- Cardiogenic
- Hypovolemic
- Sepsis/SIRS
- Neurogenic
- Anaphylactic
Three stages of shock
- Initial, non-progressive
- Progressive
- Irreversible
What condition is associated with APL?
DIC
What does APC do?
Blocks b-catenin from promoting transcription
Which type of injury is always caused by blunt force?
Laceration
Three major causes of non-immune hydrops
CV defects, chromosomal anomalies, fetal anemia
Two bone marrow and blood changes in non-immune hydrops
- Compensatory hyperplasia of erythroid precursors -> lots of reticulocytes and erythroblasts (hence the name erythroblastosis fetalis)
- Extramedullary hematopoeisis occurs in liver, spleen, and LNs
What accumulates in galactosemia?
Galactose-1-phosphate
S/S galactosemia
Hepatomegaly, cararacts, CNS changes, failure to thrive after birth
AFP: alpha fetoprotein
Tumor marker for germ cell tumors
Which hurts more, full thickness or partial thickness burns?
Partial - nerves not destroyed
Bone marrow, thymus, and LNs in SAM
Bone marrow: hypoplastic
Thymus and LNs: atrophy
POMC vs NPY/AgRP neurons: what they signal to and downstream effect
POMC: signal to neurons with MC3 and MC4 receptors -> catabolism and satiety
NPY and AgRP: signal to neurons with Y1 and Y5 receptors -> anabolism and hunger
Name substances that can cause lung cancer
Radon, asbestos, silica, nickel, arsenic, chromium, mustard gas, uranium
