Extras

Question 1

Translocations for CML, APL, and Burkitt’s lymphoma: the translocation name + chromosomes involved

Answer 1

1. CML: BCL-ABL; 9:22
2. APL: PML-RAR 15:17
3. Burkitt’s: MYC/IgH; 8:14

Question 2

Karyolysis vs pyknosis vs karyorrhexis in necrosis

Answer 2

1. Karyolysis: DNA fragmentation
2. Pyknosis: nuclear shrinkage
3. Karyorrhexis: fragmentation of pyknotic nucleus

Question 3

Dry vs wet gangrene

Answer 3

Dry: coagulation necrosis of a limb
Wet: liquefactive necrosis of a limb

Question 4

Fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 4

Vascular damage due to immune complexes being deposited in blood vessels

Question 5

Proteins involved in necroptosis

Answer 5

RIPK1 and RIKP3

Question 6

Reperfusion injury mechanism

Answer 6

Ca from blood overloads injured tissues bc mitos cant handle the Ca -> forms free radicals and cytokines

Question 7

Niemann-Pick disease

Answer 7

Lysosomal storage disease -> cholesterol deposits form in many organs

Question 8

What enzyme forms lipofuscin granules

Answer 8

Lipid peroxidase

Question 9

Four phases of scar formation

Answer 9

1. Platelet plug forms to stop bleed
2. Cell prolif for up to 10 days - ep, endothelium, fibroblasts
3. Formation of granulation tissue - fibroblasts and delicate caps in ECM
4. CT deposition progressively replaces granulation tissue

Question 10

What day of wound healing by first intention does neuro Vascularization reach its peak?

Answer 10

5th day

Question 11

Lipoxins

Answer 11

Suppress inflammation

Question 12

Th1, Th2, and Th17 major cytokines and their functions

Answer 12

Th1: IFN-y -> activate M1s
Th2: IL-4,5,13 -> activate M2s
Th17: IL-17 -> recruit neutrophils

Question 13

Histo of granulomatous inflammation

Answer 13

1. Pink granular cytoplasm
2. Epithelioid boundaries with a collar of lymphocytes
3. Giant Langhan’s cells: multi nucleated mass of macrophages

Question 14

What causes nutmeg liver

Answer 14

Heart failure -> decreased hepatic venous flow -> centrilobular necrosis -> nutmeg liver

Question 15

HITT

Answer 15

IgG reacts against heparin + platelet factor 4

Question 16

Five categories of shock

Answer 16

1. Cardiogenic
2. Hypovolemic
3. Sepsis/SIRS
4. Neurogenic
5. Anaphylactic

Question 17

Three stages of shock

Answer 17

1. Initial, non-progressive
2. Progressive
3. Irreversible

Question 18

What condition is associated with APL?

Answer 18

DIC

Question 19

What does APC do?

Answer 19

Blocks b-catenin from promoting transcription

Question 20

Which type of injury is always caused by blunt force?

Answer 20

Laceration

Question 21

Three major causes of non-immune hydrops

Answer 21

CV defects, chromosomal anomalies, fetal anemia

Question 22

Two bone marrow and blood changes in non-immune hydrops

Answer 22

1. Compensatory hyperplasia of erythroid precursors -> lots of reticulocytes and erythroblasts (hence the name erythroblastosis fetalis)
2. Extramedullary hematopoeisis occurs in liver, spleen, and LNs

Question 23

What accumulates in galactosemia?

Answer 23

Galactose-1-phosphate

Question 24

S/S galactosemia

Answer 24

Hepatomegaly, cararacts, CNS changes, failure to thrive after birth

Question 25

AFP: alpha fetoprotein

Answer 25

Tumor marker for germ cell tumors

Question 26

Which hurts more, full thickness or partial thickness burns?

Answer 26

Partial - nerves not destroyed

Question 27

Bone marrow, thymus, and LNs in SAM

Answer 27

Bone marrow: hypoplastic

Thymus and LNs: atrophy

Question 28

POMC vs NPY/AgRP neurons: what they signal to and downstream effect

Answer 28

POMC: signal to neurons with MC3 and MC4 receptors -> catabolism and satiety
NPY and AgRP: signal to neurons with Y1 and Y5 receptors -> anabolism and hunger

Question 29

Name substances that can cause lung cancer

Answer 29

Radon, asbestos, silica, nickel, arsenic, chromium, mustard gas, uranium