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MOD Exam 1 > 1: Inflammation And Repair > Flashcards

1: Inflammation And Repair Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation

A

A protective response of vascularized tissue to infection and damage that brings cells/moleucles from circulation to sites in tissues where theyre needed to eliminate offending agent

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2
Q

Types of immunity related to acute vs chronic inflammation

A

Acute: innate immunity
Chronic: adaptive immunity

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3
Q

Two ways chronic inflammation can arise

A

From acute inflammation or de novo

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4
Q

One of the most prominent manifestations of acute-phase response

A

Fever

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5
Q

Acute phase reactants

A

Plasma proteins synthesized in liver whose concentrations may increase several hundred-fold due to inflammation

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6
Q

Erythrocytes sedimentation rate test

A

A non-specific test for inflammation - fast sedimentation rate = more likely inflammation is present

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7
Q

Secondary amyloidosis deposition in tissues is caused by what?

A

Prolonged serum AA protein production in chronic inflammation

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8
Q

Leukemoid reactions

A

When leukocytosis reaches extreme levels of 40,000-100,000 cells/mL, similar to what is seen in leukemia

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9
Q

High blood levels of cytokines can cause what clinical manifestations?

A

Disseminated coagulation, hypotensive shock, metabolic disturbances (like insulin resistance) -> this triad is called septic shock

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10
Q

What cells are most present in bacterial vs viral vs allergy/parasite infections?

A

Bacteria: neutrophils
Viral: lymphocytes
Allergy/parasites: eosinophils

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11
Q

Leukopenia

A

Decreased WBCs

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12
Q

Exudate vs transudate

A

Exudate: fluid + high protein, some cells
Transudate: fluid only

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13
Q

Condition where transudate may be made instead of exudate

A

CHF

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14
Q

2 cells that produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes

A

Mast cells + leukocytes

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15
Q

What organ produces complement and kinin proteins?

A

Liver

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16
Q

What mostly causes heat and erythema of an inflamed site?

A

Histamine

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17
Q

Stasis

A

Slowly moving blood

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18
Q

Which are longer lived in tissue, neutrophils or macrophages

A

Macrophages

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19
Q

What are lysosomal enzymes tagged with upon synthesis? And why

A

M6P -> know to deliver to lysosome

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20
Q

Antiproteases and the most common example

A

Control proteases from causing too much damage; a1-antitrypsin

21
Q

Toxic granulation

A

Changes in Granulocytes where dark, course granules appear on blood smear

22
Q

What condition is toxic granulation commonly seen in?

A

Sepsis

23
Q

NETs

A

Extracellular fibrillar networks that provide antimicrobial substances + prevent spread of microbes by trapping them

24
Q

What happens to neutrophils in the process of forming NETs?

A

Lose nuclei -> death

25
Q

What occurs in the absence of Th17 cells?

A

Individuals are susceptible to fungal and bacterial infections

26
Q

How do antihistamine drugs work?

A

Block histamine receptor on endothelium

27
Q

TNF antagonists are used to treat which diseases?

A

RA, psoriasis, IBD

28
Q

Complication of TNF antagonist therapy

A

Pts become susceptible to mycobacterium infection

29
Q

How are DAF and CD59 related?

A

Are both linked to plasma membrane by a GPI anchor

30
Q

Fibrin

A

A protein involved in blood clotting, formed by thrombin cleaving fibrinogen into fibrin

31
Q

Some settings that may cause chronic inflammation

A

Persistent infection, hypersensitivity diseases, prolonged exposure to toxic agents

32
Q

6 Specialized tissue macrophages and where theyre found

A
  1. Monocytes: in blood
  2. Kupffer cells: liver
  3. Sinus histiocytes: spleen and LNs
  4. microglial cells: CNS
  5. Alveolar macrophages: lungs
  6. Langerhans cells: skin
33
Q

Permanent tissues

A

Terminally differentiated and non-proliferative (neurons and cardiac muscle cells)

34
Q

TGF-a function

A

Hepatocyte proliferation (and other epithelial cells)

35
Q

Steps of angiogenesis

A
  1. Vasodilation due to NO and VEGF
  2. Separation of perictyes from lumen to allow vessel sprout
  3. Migration of endothelium towards injury
  4. Prolif of endo cells at the tip
  5. Remodeling into cap tubes
  6. Periendothelial cell recruitment to form mature vessel
  7. Suppression of endothelial proliferation
36
Q

Three mediators that orchestrate laying down CT in healing

A

PDGF, FGF-2, TGF-B

37
Q

What type of leukocyte is most helpful in laying down CT for healing?

A

M2 macrophages

38
Q

MMP function

A

Degrade collagens and other ECM components to maintain a balance between synthesis and degradation

39
Q

Most important cytokine for synthesis and degradation of CT proteins

A

TGF-B

40
Q

TIMPs

A

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases - inhibit MMPs

41
Q

Things that can affect how well the healing process goes

A

Infection, DM, nutrition, glucocorticoids, poor perfusion, FBs, extent and location of injury

42
Q

Organs that can be affected by fibrosis which can lead to organ failure

A

Liver, eye, long, GI, heart, skin

43
Q

Venous leg ulcers

A

Develop in elderly people due to venous HTN, due to varicose veins or CHF

44
Q

Arterial ulcers

A

In individuals with atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries, associated with DM

45
Q

Pressure sores

A

Skin ulceration and necrosis due to prolonged compression of tissue against bone

46
Q

Wound dehiscence

A

When a wound splits and does not properly heal - causes higher morbidity and mortality post surgery

47
Q

Hypertrophic scar

A

Scar formed with excess collagen -> raised scar

48
Q

Keloid

A

Scar tissue that grows beyond boundaries of the original wound and does not regress

MOD Exam 1 (12 decks)

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