Extra stuff

Question 1

What is the normal range for a healthy heart ejection fraction?

Answer 1

55-70%

Question 2

how would the ejection fraction of a hypertrophied left ventricle change?

Answer 2

stay the same cos muscles get bigger but the ventricles reduce in volume

Question 3

definition of someone in stage 3 heart failure (NYHA)

Answer 3

comfortable at rest but breathless on minimal exertion

Question 4

what is the ABCDE of features on a cxr with heart failure

Answer 4

alevolar edema
B, kerley lines
cardiomegaly
dilated upper lobe vessels
Effusion, pleural

Question 5

what is the pulse characteristics of someone with aortic stenosis? pulse pressure?

Answer 5

slow rising pulse + narrow pulse pressure

Question 6

is BP high or low in aortic stenosis?

Answer 6

low

Question 7

what is the pulse characteristics of someone with aortic regurgitation? pulse pressure?

Answer 7

wide pulse pressure and collapsing pulse

Question 8

most common cause of mitral stenosis?

Answer 8

rheumatic fever

Question 9

when is a malar flush seen in cardiac conditions?

Answer 9

mitral stenosis

Question 10

what will heart sounds sound like in mitral regurgitation?

Answer 10

3rd heart sound

Question 11

which left sided murmur is accentuated by exhaling and leaning fowards

Answer 11

aortic regurgitation

Question 12

where is aortic regurgitation heard loudest over

Answer 12

left sternal edge

Question 13

what does the chad vas score and the hasbled score tell you?

Answer 13

chadvas gives the risk of having a stroke in AF

hasbled estimates the risk of bleeding

Question 14

can you give warfarin in AF if someone has a high hasbled score?

Answer 14

no.

Question 15

which valvular condition would cause a ventricular heave, and raised JVP

Answer 15

mitral stenosis

Question 16

contraindicated drug in asthmatics?

Answer 16

beta blockers

Question 17

what is the expected PaCO2 in acute asthma?

Answer 17

low

Question 18

what cell type can be seen in excess during an asthma attaack?

Answer 18

eosinophils

Question 19

medications given to asthmatics in order of severity

Answer 19

SABA e.g. salbutamol
ICS e.g. dexamethasone
LABA e.g salmeterol
LAMA e.g. ipratropium or LTRA e.g. montelukast or theophylline

Question 20

what causes a bovine cough?

Answer 20

laryngeal nerve compression, ?lung cancer

Question 21

which lung cancers are more associated with smoking?

Answer 21

squamos cell

small cell lung cancer

Question 22

which lung cancer is more associated with paraneoplastic effects

Answer 22

small cell lung cancer

Question 23

what can small cell lung cancer present as

Answer 23

hyponatraemia - SIADH
cushings syndrome
hypercalcaemia - PTH excess
lambert eaton myesthenia - VGCC antibodies

Question 24

what is most common cause of lambert eaton myesthenia

Answer 24

small cell lung cancer

Question 25

a 62 year old man with a 75 smoking pack year history presents with a 8 month history of progressive weakness in his limbs, abnormal gait, difficulty raising arms, and absent tendon reflexes. what is are possible diagnoses?

Answer 25

lambert eaton myesthenia - SCLC | myesthenia gravis

Question 26

what is the 13C urea breath test diagnostic for?

Answer 26

gastric H Pylori infection

Question 27

what is the recommended antbx regime for symptomatic h pylori gastritis ( no penicilin allergy)

Answer 27

amox + clari/metro | + PPI

Question 28

what does a xanthochromic CSF indicate?

Answer 28

SAH

Question 29

red flags for headache

Answer 29

``` associated with change in posture worse in the morning thunderclap headache progressively getting worse over weeks fever assoc w/ neurological symptoms ```

Question 30

which kind of headache can have autonomic symptoms?

Answer 30

cluster headaches

Question 31

what kind of autonomic symptoms can you get with cluster headaches?

Answer 31

drooping eyelid red watery eyes constricted pupil runny/blocked nose