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Aquatics > External fish anatomy > Flashcards

External fish anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the best indicator of the natural environment of a species?

A

Body shape

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2
Q

Where do tall narrow species live?
Add example

A
  • usually live in slow moving water
  • Angelfish and Discus
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3
Q

Which species are adapted for living in a faster moving water?

A

Torpedo shaped species

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4
Q

Where do bottom dwelling species live and what is adapted?

A
  • flattened undersides
  • some of them having modified swim bladders to keep them on the bottom
  • live at the bottom of the water
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5
Q

What can mouth reveal in fish?

A
  • feeding habits
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6
Q

In how many categories can fish be divided into?

A
  • 3 categories
    1. Top Swimmers - Superior mouth
    2. Mid water Swimmers - Terminal mouth
    3. Bottom dwellers - Inferior mouth
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7
Q

What are teeth usually used for? include exceptions

A
  • to hold prey
  • exception being piranha and parrot fish
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8
Q

What do fish have at the back of their mouth and what it is used for?

A
  • tooth-like projections
  • also used to hold or grind food before it is swallowed
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9
Q

What are the functions of the nostrils?

A
  • they are not used to breathe
  • water passes through the nostrils
  • chemical traces are also detected by sensory cells at the base of the nostrils
  • essential in low visibility
  • depending on the type of fish, they might have 3, 2 or just a singular nostril
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10
Q

What kind of eyes do bony fish have?

A
  • basic vertebrate eyes , with various structural adaptations
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11
Q

What is included in a bony’s fish eye?

A
  • rods and cones which are also called photoreceptors
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12
Q

What kind of eyes to deep-water fish have? Include roles

A
  • large eyes
  • by having large eyes, they can absorb as much light as possible in the dark
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13
Q

What kind of eyes to shallow water fish have?

A
  • smaller eyes
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14
Q

What is the role of pupils in fish?

A
  • to contract and dilate depending on light conditions (e.g eels and sharks)
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15
Q

What is the difference between Lamprey and Hagfish?

A
  • Lamprey have very well developed eyes
  • Hagfish only have primitive eyespots
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16
Q

What type of fish don’t have eyes?

A
  • The blind cavefish have no vision perception so use other senses help them find prey.
17
Q

What is the role of the skin in fish?

A
  • defence against pathogens
18
Q

What is the skin covered in? What is the role?

A
  • mucous layer
  • the mucous layer entrap and immobilise small pathogens such as bacteria
  • The mucous contains antimicrobial chemicals and cells to kill or neutralise viruses, bacteria and certain protozoa parasites.
  • The mucous also reduces drag and therefore improves swimming.
19
Q

What are scales made out of?

A
  • bony material which protects the body
  • it points backwards
20
Q

What are the 4 types of scales?

A

1.Placoid scales
2. Ganoid scales
3. Ctenoid scales
4. Scutes

21
Q

Where are the Placoid scales found? What do they resemble of?

A
  • Rays and Sharks
  • resembling of small teeth-like projections from the skin
  • they do not increase in size as the fish grows, but new scales are added
22
Q

Description of Ganoid scales

A
  • usually mosaic in arrangement with little overlaps and are usually seen on sturgeons and gars
23
Q

Description of Ctenoid scales

A
  • have a spiny comb or teeth-like extensions to the outer edge. Perch have ctenoid scales
24
Q

Description of Scutes scales

A
  • Armoured catfish don’t have scales, their bodies are covered with two/three overlapping bony plates known as Scutes.
25
Q

What is the name of the fish that does not have scales or scutes?

A
  • african catfish
26
Q

What is the function of the fins?

A
  • stability
  • steering
  • balance
  • propulsion
27
Q

What do they prevent the fish from?

A
  • rolling on its side
  • nose being up or down
    The position of the fins is variable depending on the lifestyle of the fish. Many fish also use fins during spawning and nest building.
28
Q

What is the dorsal fin? Location and function

A
  • Located along the back of the fish between the tail fin and head.
  • The dorsal fin provides lateral stability so that the fish can swim in a straight line and prevents it rolling over.
29
Q

What is the caudal fin? Location and function

A
  • Responsible for propulsion, sudden forward movements and for very fast swimming patterns.
  • Fish also use the caudal fin to slow forward movements and turn.
30
Q

What is the anal fin? Location and function

A
  • Located on the underside of the body between the pelvic and caudal fin.
  • Helps with stability and prevents the fish from rolling over.
31
Q

What is the pectoral fin? Location and function

A

→ Paired and located near the bottom of the fish directly beneath the gill openings.

→ They are used in navigation and stability.

→They can provide the upward lift that helps some fish, such as sharks, to maintain depth and also enables the flight of flying fish.

The pectoral fins of some species have defensive spines.

In other species, such as the mudskipper, the pectoral fins are adapted to be used for “walking“ above or below water.

32
Q

What is the pelvic fin? Location and function

A

→ Located in front of the anal fin on the abdomen of the fish.

→ Used for braking, stabilising their bodies and changing their direction.

33
Q

What are other find that some fish might have?

A
  1. Adipose fin
  2. Ventral fin
34
Q

Adipose fin and example of fish that might have it

A

→ Some fish such as tetras have an extra adipose fin which is located between the dorsal and caudal fins.

35
Q

Ventral fin and examples of fish that might have it

A

→ Some fish such as catfish use them to hold eggs during spawning.

36
Q

What is the lateral line also known as?

A
  • fish’s ‘sixth sense’
37
Q

What does the lateral line do?

A
  • helps the fish detect vibrations and currents underwater
  • It gets its name because the inputs into the vibration sensing nerves are visible as a line of tiny perforations through a row of scales along the lateral line
  • Senses water movement, pressure and currents.
  • Senses vibrations and their direction.
  • Pressure around objects are distorted which is detected by the lateral line; allowing a fish to change direction and avoid collision.
  • Enables fish to escape predators, catch prey and shoal

Aquatics (13 decks)

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