External factors leading to class differences in achievement Flashcards
-Cultural Deprivation - Material Deprivation -Cultural Capital (41 cards)
What are internal factors ?
internal factors are factors within schools and the education system , such as interactions between pupils and teachers and inequalities between schools.
What are external factors ?
External factors are factors outside of the education system , such as the influence of home and family background and wider society.
What is cultural deprivation ?
Cultural deprivation is where individuals fail to acquire the basic values , attitudes and skills that are needed for educational success through primary socialisation in the family.
What are the 3 main aspects of cultural deprivation ?
3 main aspects of cultural deprivation are ;
Language
Parents Education
Working class sub-culture
How does the way parents communicate with their children impact their development ?
The way in which parents communicate with their children affects their intellectual development.
Why do lower class children tend to have lower performance compared to middle class ?
their less educated parents use language in a way that only requires children to answer simply such as what is that animal called ? which results in lower performance.
What is the impact on children if they fail to develop the necessary language skills ?
if children fail to develop the necessary language skills then they grow up incapable of abstract thinking and are unable to use language to explain and describe which means they are unable to take advantage of the opportunities that schools offer.
Why do Bernstein speech codes give middle class and advantage in school ?
The differences in speech codes give middle class children an advantage because elaborated code is the language used by teachers , textbooks and exams.
Why do middle class feel at home when at school due to Bernstein speech codes and how does this impact their achievement ?
Early socialisation in the elaborated code means that middle class children are already fluent users of the code when they start school. so they feel at home and more likely to succeed.
Due to the speech codes what does this lead working class children to feel and how does this impact their achievement ?
Working class pupils who lack the elaborated code which is used in school feel excluded and therefore are less likely to be successful
What ways do middle class parents socialize their children which gives them an advantage in school ?
middle class parents socialize their children in a number of ways such as ;
-Parenting style
-parents’ educational behaviours
-Use of income
What is educated parents , parenting style ?
How does this support their achievement ?
Educated parents’ parenting style emphasizes consistent discipline and high expectations of their children
This supports their achievement by encouraging active learning and exploration.
What is less educated parents , parenting style ?
How does this not support their achievement ?
less educated parents’ parenting style is marked by harsh and inconsistent discipline that emphasizes “ doing what you’re told “ and “behaving yourself “
This does not support their achievement as prevents the child from learning independence and self control leading to poor motivation at school and problems interacting with teachers.
Why are educated parents more likely to do educational activities with their children ?
What activities do these consist of ?
Educated parents are more aware of what is needed to assist their children’s educational progress such as reading to their children , teaching them letters , numbers , songs , painting and drawing , helping with homework etc. Also recognize educational value of visits to museums and libraries etc.
How does use of income impact children’s education ?
better educated parents not only tend to have higher incomes but they spend their income in ways that promotes their children’s educational success
Also, educated parents have a better understanding of nutrition and its importance in child development and a high income can buy more nutritious foods.
How does use of income link to working class pupils failure ?
working class parents can’t afford educational resources for their children do they lack resources do start school without the intellectual skills they need to progress.
what is a subculture ?
subculture - a group whose attitudes and values differ from those of a mainstream culture.
What is the working class subculture ?
working class subculture according to cultural deprivation theorists is where large sections of the working class have different goals , beliefs , attitudes and values from the rest of society and this is why they fail at school.
What is fatalism ?
Fatalism is the belief in fate , that whatever will be will be and there is nothing you can do to change your status.
What is collectivism ?
Collectivism is valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual.
what is immediate gratification ?
Immediate gratification is seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get rewards in the future.
What is present time orientation ?
Present time orientation is seeing the present as more important than the future so not having long term goals.
How do Sugarman’s 4 barriers to working class achievement lead them to underachieve in school ?
Working class children internalize the beliefs and values of their subculture through the socialization process which results in them underachieving in school.
Why does Sugarman believe these 4 values exist for the working class ?
Sugarman argues these 4 values stem from the fact that middle class jobs are secure and offer prospects for individual advancement . This encourages ambition , long term planning and a willingness to invest time and effort in gaining qualifications whereas working class jobs are less secure and have no career structure where individuals can advance and there are few promotion opportunities and earnings peak at an early age.
