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SFII Test 2 > External Brain Morphology > Flashcards

External Brain Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the thalamus

A

Large number of individual nuclei, each with a specific function

Major function is to relay information to the cortex via projections from these nuclei

Almost* all information destined for the cortex must go through the thalamus

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2
Q

Describe the hypothalamus

A

Large number of individual nuclei, each with a specific function

Functions as a CNS center for the regulation of autonomic and endocrine activity

Maintains internal homeostasis; involved in limbic system

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3
Q

What is the tectum?

A

Area dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius

Superior and inferior colliculi are involved in visual and auditory reflexes respectively

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4
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

A midline structure lying above the superior colliculi

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5
Q

What is the clinical significance of lesions in the supratentorial space or pineal gland?

A

Can press on the tectum and close off the cerebral aqueduct

Causing non-communicating hydrocephalus

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6
Q

What is the tegmentum?

A

Area extending ventrally from the aqueduct to the substantia nigra

Contains Oculomotor nerve complex, trochlear nucleus/nerve, and red nucleus

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7
Q

What does the basal portion of the tegmentum consist of?

A

Substantia nigra - motor system

Crus cerebri - Descending pathways course through this structure

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8
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Roles in balance, equilibrium, muscle tone, coordination and on-going movement etc.

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9
Q

What does each hemisphere of the cerebellum consist of?

A

A cortex (with folia and fissures)

Underlying white matter

Deep nuclei

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10
Q

What is the midline area of the cerebellum called?

A

Vermis

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11
Q

What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior lobe - receives afferent input from spinal cord

Flocculonodular lobe - input from the vestibular system

Posterior lobe - input from cerebral cortex, voluntary movement coordination

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12
Q

What is the pons?

A

Bridges the brain to the cerebellum - receives input from the cortex via the CST and projects to the cerebellum

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13
Q

What can the pons be subdivided into?

A

Dorsal tegmental zone - contains CN V, VI, and VII nuclei

Ventral/basal zone - containing pontine nuclei and CST fibers

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14
Q

Describe the medulla

A

Both ascending and descending pathways pass through

Contains vital respiratory and cardiovascular centers

CN IX, X, XI, XII nuclei are located here

Clinical note* tonsilar herniation presses on the medulla

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15
Q

What lies just below the optic nerve? (inferior brain view)

A

Median eminence of hypothalamus

Infundibulum

Mamillary bodies

Cerebral peduncle

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16
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex and what are the sulci that divide them?

A

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital

Lateral sulcus (sylvian)

Central sulcus (Rolandic)

17
Q

What are the three types of functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

Primary sensory/motor

Secondary, supplementary or “higher order” sensory/motor

Association areas - highest order, involved in integration of information

18
Q

What are the structural divisions of the cortex?

A

Neo-cortex - most of the human brain

Allocortex - consists of paleo- and archi-cortex

Transition cortex

19
Q

What is Brodmann’s Area 4?

A

Precentral gyrus - primary motor cortex

Somatotopically organized - areas with the finest motor movement have the largest representation in the cortex

20
Q

What is Brodmann’s Area 6?

A

Consists of supplementary and premotor areas

Contributes to the CST

21
Q

What is Brodmann’s Area 8?

A

Controls conjugate eye movements to the contralateral side

Lesion causes both eyes to deviate to the side of the lesion

22
Q

What are Brodmann’s Areas 44 and 45?

A

Aka Broca’s area - critically involved in the motor production of language

Broca’s aphasia- caused by damage to this part of the brain

Left hemisphere is uniquely organized to process language

23
Q

What is the prefrontal association cortex?

A

Parts of the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri - excluding areas 6 and 8

Plays multiple roles in cognitive behavior, especially executive functions like decision making and problem solving

24
Q

What is the limbic association cortex?

A

Consists of the orbitofrontal cortex and parts of the temporal lobe

Involved in personality and social behavior

25
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe areas of the limbic association cortex?

A

Learning and memory

26
Q

What are the main sulci and gyri within the parietal lobe?

A

Pstcentral sulcus/postcentral gyrus

Intraparietal sulcus

Surpamarginal and angular gyri

27
Q

What are Brodmann areas 1, 2, and 3?

A

Postcentral gyrus - primary somatosensory cortex

Have four separate body representations where the different submodalities of sensation are kept separate

28
Q

What separates the the superior parietal lobule and the inferior parietal lobule?

A

Intraparietal sulcus

29
Q

What type of areas are parts of areas 2 and 5?

A

Higher order somatosensory areas

Lesions in these areas produce somatosensory agnosias

30
Q

What areas make up the posterior parietal cortex?

A

Areas 5 and 7

Play a major role in integrating visual and somatosensory information

31
Q

What two important gyri/areas are located in the inferior parietal lobule and what is their function?

A

Supramarginal gyrus - area 40

Angular gyrus - area 39

In the dominant hemisphere these gyri are important for the perception and interpretation primarily of written language

Lesions may cause alexia and agraphia

32
Q

What are the main sulci/gyri located within the occipital lobe?

A

Calcarine cortex - made up of the cuneus and lingual gyri above and below the calcarine fissure respectively

33
Q

What is area 17?

A

Calcarine cortex/primary visual cortex

Visuotopically organized

34
Q

What are areas 18 and 19?

A

Higher order visual orders

Lesions can produce visual agnosias

35
Q

How is the temporal lobe divided?

A

Superior and inferior temporal sulci divide the lobe into superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri

36
Q

What is area 41?

A

The primary auditory cortex on the transverse temporal gyri of Heschl

Tonotopically organized to represent the basilar membrane - with disproportionate representation to sounds devoted to speech

37
Q

Why don’t unilateral lesions in the areas around the primary auditory cortex usually produce significant auditory agnosias?

A

There are many bilateral connections of auditory structures below the cortex

Instead, there will just be bilateral diminuation with greater loss contralateral

38
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

Posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus (part of area 22) in the dominant hemisphere

Necessary for the interpretation of spoken language

39
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Lesions in Wernicke’s area that cause the patient to be unable to understand spoken language

Can speak fluently, but speak nonsense

SFII Test 2 (20 decks)

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