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Winter 2021 > EXSC 480 Exam 1 > Flashcards

EXSC 480 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Thrifty gene theory

A

People who possessed the ability to survive famine were favored and passed their genes to future generations

Gut microbes can affect what the body desires

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2
Q

Evidence of obesity prior to now

A

Statues, or art that shows obesity

transcripts/documents mentioning the negative effects of obestiy

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3
Q

Peer reviewed articles

A

articles that are read and analyzed by experts in the field

removes lurking variables as best as possible

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4
Q

Independent variable

A

explanatory, thing being manipulated, group/condition

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5
Q

Dependent variable

A

outcome or results of study

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6
Q

Lurking variables

A

identify, measure, and control for their variance through groups

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7
Q

Hypothesis generating studies

A

creates a hypothesis or possible correlation from data

ecological, case reports, cross-sectional, case-control, cohort

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8
Q

Ecological study

A

unit of observation is a group

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9
Q

Case reports

A

descriptive, one individual

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10
Q

Cross-sectional

A

type of observational,

measures outcome and exposures in study participants at the same time

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11
Q

Case-control

A

odds ratio of developing something

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12
Q

Cohort

A

relative risks. how many risks developed over time

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13
Q

Interventional

A

randomized-controlled clinical trials

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14
Q

Hypothesis testing

A

takes an idea and study if it’s possible, randomized controlled trial

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15
Q

Correlation

A

extent that 2 variables vary with each other

closer to 1 or -1, stronger the correlation

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16
Q

mean

A

average

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17
Q

mode

A

most common data point

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18
Q

median

A

middle set of numbers

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19
Q

normal weight

A

18.5 - 24.9

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20
Q

overweight

A

25.0-29.9

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21
Q

obesity class 1

A

30-34.9

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22
Q

obesity class 2

A

35.0 - 39.9

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23
Q

obesity class 3

A

greater than 40

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24
Q

obesity definition

A

excess fat that causes adverse effects to the person

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25
Q

BMI w/kg and meters

A

weight divided by height, squared

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26
Q

BMI w/lbs and inches

A

weight divided by height, squared. multiply by 704.5

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27
Q

False Positive BMI

A

someone with high muscle and low body fat

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28
Q

False Negative BMI

A

someone with low body weight, but high amounts of fat

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29
Q

Specificity

A

true negative/TN + FP

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30
Q

Sensitivity

A

true positive/TP + FN

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31
Q

Overweight adults worldwide

A

35-45% (39%)

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32
Q

Obese adults wordlwide

A

13%

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33
Q

since 1975, obesity has____

A

tripled

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34
Q

over the last 50 years, US obesity prevalence has ___

A

increased between 2 and 3 fold (200-300%)

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35
Q

over the last 50 years, US extreme obesity prevalence has ___

A

increased nearly 7-fold (700%)

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36
Q

Obese adults in US

A

35-45% (39%)

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37
Q

in the past 20 years Prevalence of severe obesity has

A

doubled

38
Q

over the past 20 years, prevalence of obesity

A

has increased by 39%

39
Q

Who has the highest prevalence of obesity?

A

Black women

40
Q

Who has the highest prevalence of obesity among ment?

A

Asian men

41
Q

what age has the highest prevalence of obesity?

A

40-59

42
Q

Women vs Males obesity

A

Women = highest for obesity

Men = highest for overweight

43
Q

Youth prevalence of obesity is

A

half the prevalence of adults

44
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

high mitochondrial density

may explain resting metabolic rate

found in small mammals and newborn infants

dissipates chemical energy as heat via high levels of uncoupling protein 1

45
Q

Beige Fat

A

appears within subcutaneous WAT

potential target for intervention in obesity

uncoupling proteins can be expressed by cold stress

46
Q

White fat

A

most abundant in humans

subcutaneous
few mitochondria and low oxidation rate
protects organs

visceral = harmful

47
Q

Intestinal Lipase

A

lipid storage

breaks down triglyceride inside a tissue into FFA

48
Q

Chylomicrons

A

lipid storage

Fat is stored wtihin it as it moves through the bloodstream

49
Q

Lipoprotein lipase

A

breaks fat back down into FFA again, within the bloodstream

50
Q

Adipogensis in overnutrition

A

Pre-cells become fat cells, regulated by PPARy

More PPARy means more fat. But, less PPARy means that fat is stored within organs or muscles, leading to insulin resistance

Increasing PPARy increase the amount of fat cells, instead of increasing the size of fat cells

51
Q

Conditions associated with obesity

A 
coronary heart disease
pulmonary disease
fatty liver disease
gall bladder disease
gynecologic disease
osteoarthritis
gout
phlebitis
cancer
pancreatitis
diabetes, hypertension
dyslipidemia
cataracts
stroke
hypertension of the brain
52
Q

healthy individual that is overweight

A

moderate or no alcohol intake

not smoking

30 minutes of exercise

eating 5+ servings of veggies and fruit daily

younger

53
Q

People who are obese can still have

A

normal liver function
lower inflammatory activity
normal lipid profile
insulin sensitivity

54
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

must have three of these five:

central obesity
high blood pressure
high triglycerides
low HDL chlosterol
insulin resistance
55
Q

Blood glucose

A

greater than 100

56
Q

Dyslipidemia levels

A

Triglycerides, greater than 150 mg/dl or 1.69 mmol/L

57
Q

HDL Levels

A

Men = less than 40 mg/dl or 1.03 mmol/L

Women = less than 50 mg/dl or 1.29 mmol/L

58
Q

Blood pressure

A

greater than 130/80

59
Q

Central obesity measurements

A

Men > 102cm

Women >88 cm

60
Q

Low fitness and CVD

A

obese men had almost 3-fold higher CVD mortality risk

LOW FITNESS was as strong or stronger of CVD predictor

61
Q

% body fat and weight change ______

A

are NOT indepent predictors of CVD mortality

62
Q

CVD risk is better predicted with

A

waist circumference within each BMI category (not on it’s own)

63
Q

Weakness of Fitness vs Fatness

A

issues with self-reported data

it’s hard to create a criteria for what is fit vs fat

64
Q

What assessments of fitness and adiposity would need to be used to create a good head to head comparison of CVD risk?

A

fitness max VO2 test
imaging for adiposity

Weight circumference is good but doesn’t show fitness or total fat

65
Q

Fats that lead to CVD

A

visceral, epicardial, liver, muscle

66
Q

Heritability estimates

A

50 to 70% for obesity genes

67
Q

Twins studies

A

Only 18 have been discordant, which shows that the lean twins had to work really hard to lose weight

68
Q

Lack of physical activity…

A

in adolescence strongly predicts obesity

69
Q

Prader-Willi Syndrome

A

plasma ghrelin 4.5x higher than obese children

they continue to seek for food or are always hungry

70
Q

Congenital Leptin deficiency

A

increasing leptin levels helps people to lose weight

71
Q

POMC

A

impaired signaling within the hypothalamus, ACTH deficiency

72
Q

annual cost of obesity for the US

A

$149 billion

73
Q

annual cost of obesity per person

A

about $2000

74
Q

Direct costs of obesity

A

doctor’s visits, surgeries, lab, medications

75
Q

Indirect costs

A

loss of work, insurance, decrease in wages, loss of productivity

76
Q

Personal costs

A

quality of life, personal dissatisfaction, decreased functional capability, greater chance of comorbidities

77
Q

Lower quality of life

A

discrimination, education, income, decreased chance of marriage

higher absenteeism/dropout rates

higher stress (cause and consequence)

physical function decrease

self-esteem

public distress

78
Q

Quality of life decreases b/c

A

mental and physical health decreases

but, mental health increases over time as age increased

physical health decreases over time

79
Q

Weight loss improves QOFL

A 
mood
productivity
joint pain
low back pain
self-confidence
mental activity
energy level
mobility

*increased after surgery, but slightly decreased with time

80
Q

People who were severely obese and have loss weight would rather ____ before gaining back weight

A

be blind, deaf, dyslexic, diabetic, an amputee

would lose millions of dollars

81
Q

Negative attitudes towards people with obesity

A

has increased by 66%

children, health care professionals, peers, employers

82
Q

Girls tactics for bullying obese individuals

A

threatening
manipulating
controlling
rumors

83
Q

Boys tactics for bulling obese individuals

A

physical harm

verbal abuse

84
Q

Negative consequences of being overweight during youth

A 
peer discrimination
low self-esteem
symptoms of depression, anxiety, loneliness, sadness
not fitting in 
rejection
bullied
negative stigmas
85
Q

Using weight stigma

A

increases weight and waist circumference

odds of remaining obese did not differ

odds of becoming obese increases with weight stigma

86
Q

Obesity has the strongest correlation with

A

body dissatisfaction

87
Q

weight stigma can cause

A

bad eating habits
overeating
increases CVD risks

88
Q

Perception of obesity

A

causes increased risk with psychological distress (more than actual weight)

89
Q

Men and perception

A

men often choose body types that have more muscle as their ideal body

90
Q

Black women and perception

A

heavier cultural ideal protects them from eating disorders

29% of black women did not consider their weight to be a problem

all were dissatisfied with their weight, but 44% found themselves attractive

91
Q

Hispanic women and perception

A

Emigrated before age of 17 or born in US have same levels of dissatisfaction as white women

Women born outside of the country had less body dissatisfaction and chose larger silhouettes as ideal body

Winter 2021 (6 decks)

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