EXSC 480 Exam 1 Flashcards
Thrifty gene theory
People who possessed the ability to survive famine were favored and passed their genes to future generations
Gut microbes can affect what the body desires
Evidence of obesity prior to now
Statues, or art that shows obesity
transcripts/documents mentioning the negative effects of obestiy
Peer reviewed articles
articles that are read and analyzed by experts in the field
removes lurking variables as best as possible
Independent variable
explanatory, thing being manipulated, group/condition
Dependent variable
outcome or results of study
Lurking variables
identify, measure, and control for their variance through groups
Hypothesis generating studies
creates a hypothesis or possible correlation from data
ecological, case reports, cross-sectional, case-control, cohort
Ecological study
unit of observation is a group
Case reports
descriptive, one individual
Cross-sectional
type of observational,
measures outcome and exposures in study participants at the same time
Case-control
odds ratio of developing something
Cohort
relative risks. how many risks developed over time
Interventional
randomized-controlled clinical trials
Hypothesis testing
takes an idea and study if it’s possible, randomized controlled trial
Correlation
extent that 2 variables vary with each other
closer to 1 or -1, stronger the correlation
mean
average
mode
most common data point
median
middle set of numbers
normal weight
18.5 - 24.9
overweight
25.0-29.9
obesity class 1
30-34.9
obesity class 2
35.0 - 39.9
obesity class 3
greater than 40
obesity definition
excess fat that causes adverse effects to the person
BMI w/kg and meters
weight divided by height, squared
BMI w/lbs and inches
weight divided by height, squared. multiply by 704.5
False Positive BMI
someone with high muscle and low body fat
False Negative BMI
someone with low body weight, but high amounts of fat
Specificity
true negative/TN + FP
Sensitivity
true positive/TP + FN
Overweight adults worldwide
35-45% (39%)
Obese adults wordlwide
13%
since 1975, obesity has____
tripled
over the last 50 years, US obesity prevalence has ___
increased between 2 and 3 fold (200-300%)
over the last 50 years, US extreme obesity prevalence has ___
increased nearly 7-fold (700%)
Obese adults in US
35-45% (39%)
in the past 20 years Prevalence of severe obesity has
doubled
over the past 20 years, prevalence of obesity
has increased by 39%
Who has the highest prevalence of obesity?
Black women
Who has the highest prevalence of obesity among ment?
Asian men
what age has the highest prevalence of obesity?
40-59
Women vs Males obesity
Women = highest for obesity
Men = highest for overweight
Youth prevalence of obesity is
half the prevalence of adults
Brown adipose tissue
high mitochondrial density
may explain resting metabolic rate
found in small mammals and newborn infants
dissipates chemical energy as heat via high levels of uncoupling protein 1
Beige Fat
appears within subcutaneous WAT
potential target for intervention in obesity
uncoupling proteins can be expressed by cold stress
White fat
most abundant in humans
subcutaneous
few mitochondria and low oxidation rate
protects organs
visceral = harmful
Intestinal Lipase
lipid storage
breaks down triglyceride inside a tissue into FFA
Chylomicrons
lipid storage
Fat is stored wtihin it as it moves through the bloodstream
Lipoprotein lipase
breaks fat back down into FFA again, within the bloodstream
Adipogensis in overnutrition
Pre-cells become fat cells, regulated by PPARy
More PPARy means more fat. But, less PPARy means that fat is stored within organs or muscles, leading to insulin resistance
Increasing PPARy increase the amount of fat cells, instead of increasing the size of fat cells
Conditions associated with obesity
coronary heart disease pulmonary disease fatty liver disease gall bladder disease gynecologic disease osteoarthritis gout phlebitis cancer pancreatitis diabetes, hypertension dyslipidemia cataracts stroke hypertension of the brain
healthy individual that is overweight
moderate or no alcohol intake
not smoking
30 minutes of exercise
eating 5+ servings of veggies and fruit daily
younger
People who are obese can still have
normal liver function
lower inflammatory activity
normal lipid profile
insulin sensitivity
Metabolic syndrome
must have three of these five:
central obesity high blood pressure high triglycerides low HDL chlosterol insulin resistance
Blood glucose
greater than 100
Dyslipidemia levels
Triglycerides, greater than 150 mg/dl or 1.69 mmol/L
HDL Levels
Men = less than 40 mg/dl or 1.03 mmol/L
Women = less than 50 mg/dl or 1.29 mmol/L
Blood pressure
greater than 130/80
Central obesity measurements
Men > 102cm
Women >88 cm
Low fitness and CVD
obese men had almost 3-fold higher CVD mortality risk
LOW FITNESS was as strong or stronger of CVD predictor
% body fat and weight change ______
are NOT indepent predictors of CVD mortality
CVD risk is better predicted with
waist circumference within each BMI category (not on it’s own)
Weakness of Fitness vs Fatness
issues with self-reported data
it’s hard to create a criteria for what is fit vs fat
What assessments of fitness and adiposity would need to be used to create a good head to head comparison of CVD risk?
fitness max VO2 test
imaging for adiposity
Weight circumference is good but doesn’t show fitness or total fat
Fats that lead to CVD
visceral, epicardial, liver, muscle
Heritability estimates
50 to 70% for obesity genes
Twins studies
Only 18 have been discordant, which shows that the lean twins had to work really hard to lose weight
Lack of physical activity…
in adolescence strongly predicts obesity
Prader-Willi Syndrome
plasma ghrelin 4.5x higher than obese children
they continue to seek for food or are always hungry
Congenital Leptin deficiency
increasing leptin levels helps people to lose weight
POMC
impaired signaling within the hypothalamus, ACTH deficiency
annual cost of obesity for the US
$149 billion
annual cost of obesity per person
about $2000
Direct costs of obesity
doctor’s visits, surgeries, lab, medications
Indirect costs
loss of work, insurance, decrease in wages, loss of productivity
Personal costs
quality of life, personal dissatisfaction, decreased functional capability, greater chance of comorbidities
Lower quality of life
discrimination, education, income, decreased chance of marriage
higher absenteeism/dropout rates
higher stress (cause and consequence)
physical function decrease
self-esteem
public distress
Quality of life decreases b/c
mental and physical health decreases
but, mental health increases over time as age increased
physical health decreases over time
Weight loss improves QOFL
mood productivity joint pain low back pain self-confidence mental activity energy level mobility
*increased after surgery, but slightly decreased with time
People who were severely obese and have loss weight would rather ____ before gaining back weight
be blind, deaf, dyslexic, diabetic, an amputee
would lose millions of dollars
Negative attitudes towards people with obesity
has increased by 66%
children, health care professionals, peers, employers
Girls tactics for bullying obese individuals
threatening
manipulating
controlling
rumors
Boys tactics for bulling obese individuals
physical harm
verbal abuse
Negative consequences of being overweight during youth
peer discrimination low self-esteem symptoms of depression, anxiety, loneliness, sadness not fitting in rejection bullied negative stigmas
Using weight stigma
increases weight and waist circumference
odds of remaining obese did not differ
odds of becoming obese increases with weight stigma
Obesity has the strongest correlation with
body dissatisfaction
weight stigma can cause
bad eating habits
overeating
increases CVD risks
Perception of obesity
causes increased risk with psychological distress (more than actual weight)
Men and perception
men often choose body types that have more muscle as their ideal body
Black women and perception
heavier cultural ideal protects them from eating disorders
29% of black women did not consider their weight to be a problem
all were dissatisfied with their weight, but 44% found themselves attractive
Hispanic women and perception
Emigrated before age of 17 or born in US have same levels of dissatisfaction as white women
Women born outside of the country had less body dissatisfaction and chose larger silhouettes as ideal body
