Exploitation

Question 1

Give 4 types of prey defence against predators

Answer 1

physical, chemical, morphological, behavioural

Question 2

Give 3 behavioural predatory hunting tactics

Answer 2

ambush, stalking, pursuit

Question 3

Give 3 secondary chemical compounds plants use in defence

Answer 3

nitrogen-based chemicals (alkaloids), terpenoids (essential oils, latex, plant resins), phenolics (aromatic compounds including tannins and lignins)

Question 4

What are 2 types of defensive inhibitors?

Answer 4

quantitative inhibitors (produce large amounts) and qualitative inhibitors (produces small amounts)

Question 5

Describe the Lokta-Volterra model

Answer 5

model describing population growth based on predator birth/mortality rate and prey mortality (rate of predation)

Question 6

Give the 3 hypotheses for predator-prey population cycles

Answer 6

abiotic, biotic intrinsic (change in physiology or behaviour) and biotic extrinsic (e.g. predation/food)

Question 7

Give an example of an abiotic hypothesis for population cycles

Answer 7

sun spots - not supported

Question 8

Why is the relationship between a lynx (predator) and snowshoe hare (prey) significant to studies?

Answer 8

because lynx almost exclusively feed on snowshoe hare, whereas other predators often prey on a range of organisms

Question 9

What is the function response in the Lotka-Volterra model?

Answer 9

the intake rate of a consumer as a function of food density, assuming that the predator spends time searching for and handling the prey

Question 10

What is a type 1 functional predation response

Answer 10

passive (e.g. spiders) - linear increase of prey density and intake

Question 11

What is a type 2 functional predation response

Answer 11

most common - relatively higher intake at lower density

Question 12

What is a type 3 functional predation response

Answer 12

Sigmodal curve - a certain density reached for increased intake, seen in prey with hiding methods

Question 13

What is the numerical predation response

Answer 13

the reproduction rate of a consumer as a function of food density . Increase in prey population = increase in reproduction of predators.

Question 14

Which predation response do the lynx and snowshoe hare show?

Answer 14

Type 2 functional response - relatively higher intake at lower density

Question 15

Which predation response do the coyote and snowshoe hare show?

Answer 15

Numerical - coyotes eat more with higher prey density

Question 16

Give the 3 main prey defenses

Answer 16

spatial refuge, size as a refuge, ecology of fear

Question 17

Give 3 host defences against parasites

Answer 17

avoiding infection (e.g. grooming), inflammation and immune response

Question 18

What is the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis

Answer 18

that parasited individuals are less likely to reproduce