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Mood Disorders > Explantions Biochemical And Gentic > Flashcards

Explantions Biochemical And Gentic Flashcards

1
Q

Define biological explanations in the context of depressive disorder.

A

Biological explanations attribute depressive disorder to neurotransmitter imbalances in the brain.

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2
Q

What are the main two neurotransmitters associated with depressive disorder?

A
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
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3
Q

What role does dopamine play in the brain?

A

Dopamine carries signals in parts of the brain responsible for feelings of motivation and pleasure.

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4
Q

What happens if dopamine levels are reduced?

A

Reduced dopamine levels can affect motivation and pleasure, contributing to depressive symptoms.

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5
Q

What are core symptoms of depression related to dopamine?

A
  • Low mood
  • Lack of interest or enjoyment in usual activities
  • Lack of motivation
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6
Q

What is the dopamine theory in relation to depressive disorder?

A

The dopamine theory suggests that low levels of dopamine can lead to depressive symptoms.

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7
Q

How do antidepressants alleviate symptoms of depressive disorder?

A

Antidepressants alleviate symptoms by increasing dopamine levels.

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8
Q

What is the role of noradrenaline in the brain?

A

Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter central to the communication of neurons in emotion centers such as the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus.

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9
Q

Name a medication that can cause depression as a side effect.

A

A medication used to treat high blood pressure.
Reserpine

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10
Q

What effect does reducing noradrenaline levels have on depression research?

A

It allows researchers to propose noradrenaline deficiency as a potential cause of depression.

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11
Q

True or False: Dopamine levels have no impact on motivation and pleasure.

A

False

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The main neurotransmitters involved in depressive disorder are _______ and _______.

A

[Dopamine], [Serotonin]

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13
Q

List some emotional centers in the brain affected by noradrenaline.

A
  • Amygdala
  • Hypothalamus
  • Hippocampus
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14
Q

What neurotransmitters are mentioned in relation to depressive and manic episodes?

A

Serotonin and noradrenaline

An imbalance of serotonin can lead to a drop in noradrenaline, resulting in depressive episodes, while higher levels of serotonin can lead to manic episodes.

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15
Q

What is the Monoamines Hypothesis?

A

A theory that relates depression to imbalances of monoamines, specifically serotonin and noradrenaline

This hypothesis suggests that changes in levels of these neurotransmitters are linked to mood disorders.

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16
Q

What amino acid is serotonin created from?

A

Tryptophan

Tryptophan is found in certain foods and is essential for serotonin production.

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17
Q

What hormone can inhibit serotonin production?

A

Cortisol

Cortisol is known as the stress hormone and can negatively impact serotonin levels.

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18
Q

What is upregulation in the context of serotonin receptors?

A

The process of increasing the number of receptors in response to low serotonin levels

Cells may compensate for low serotonin by creating more receptors, potentially leading to altered neurotransmission.

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19
Q

What issues can arise from problems with serotonin transport molecules?

A

Serotonin may not be cleared from the synapse effectively or may return to the presynaptic cell too readily

This can decrease the availability of serotonin for binding to the postsynaptic cell.

20
Q

True or False: Serotonin can rise and fall for numerous reasons, including stress.

A

True

Stress and other factors can significantly impact serotonin levels.

21
Q

Fill in the blank: Serotonin is absorbed back into the presynaptic cell via _______.

A

Transport molecules

These transport molecules are crucial for regulating serotonin levels in the synapse.

22
Q

What can happen if there is too much of a monoamine in the synapse?

A

Serotonin may fail to bind effectively

Excessive levels of monoamines can disrupt normal neurotransmission.

23
Q

What is a consequence of receptors becoming overly sensitive?

A

Altered neurotransmission and potential mood disturbances

This can occur especially when serotonin levels are low.

24
Q

gentic explansions of Mood disorders.

A
25
Q

bipescotists behive our thoughts

A

feelings and behaurs are determined by signels passed between clusters of nerons in our nerves system.

26
Q

genties provide the intructions to dictare stow these newarks develop.

A
27
Q

Meaning depressue or Manic epasoides May Be determined via gentic

A
28
Q

inherarance occuring in cell divison.

A
29
Q

twin strides

A
30
Q

in a Study With 42000 paritipants done by Kendler eral (2008) found that ã Concordance vate of 44% for Famale Monozyatic CM2) twins

A

and l67. for Vemale

31
Q

dizygotic tuins (dz). and 31% Por Male MZ

A

Il J. for Male diz.

32
Q

I this suggests that depsion has a gentic compont but that the Condition Is More Haizable in Females.

A
33
Q

→what is more common bu or ui poler

A

addinanuly Bipolar appers to Be More Heraible than Unipolar depresson.

34
Q

Concordance rates according to bertelsen et al

A

62%. for Mz J8%. for DZ.

35
Q

gene coding for potsyuptil sendemies receptors - 5-fit20 gene Coding for preynatic transporters Moneaules 5-ATT

A
36
Q

S-HIT Has a poymophis that results in two dition elles

A

idold by their length (sor (long)

37
Q

What gene is associated with serotonin receptors?

A

5-HTT

5-HTT codes for presynaptic transporters related to serotonin.

38
Q

What are the two types of alleles identified for the S-HTT gene?

A

Short and long alleles

The short alleles are linked to a higher risk of depression.

39
Q

What is the risk of depression for individuals with two short alleles following a stress event?

A

Higher risk

Those with two short alleles are at a greater risk of developing depression after stressful events.

40
Q

How does inheriting two long alleles affect the risk of depression?

A

Lower risk

Individuals with two long alleles or one long and one short have a lower risk of depression.

41
Q

What is the relationship between stressful life experiences and the S-HTT gene alleles?

A

Increased risk

More stressful and negative life experiences elevate the risk associated with the short alleles.

42
Q

What does the S-HTT gene code for?

A

Creation of synaptic receptors

The gene is crucial for the production of serotonin receptors.

43
Q

Individuals with two short alleles of the S-HTT gene have a _______ risk of depression compared to those with one long or one short allele.

A

higher

This highlights the genetic predisposition to depression based on allele type.

44
Q

What is the effect of having one long and one short allele on depression risk?

A

Lower risk than two short alleles

This suggests that the presence of a long allele mitigates some risk.

45
Q

True or False: Having two long alleles of the S-HTT gene is associated with a higher risk of developing depression.

A

False

Two long alleles are linked to a lower risk of depression.

Mood Disorders (2 decks)

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