Explantions Biochemical And Gentic

Question 1

Define biological explanations in the context of depressive disorder.

Answer 1

Biological explanations attribute depressive disorder to neurotransmitter imbalances in the brain.

Question 2

What are the main two neurotransmitters associated with depressive disorder?

Answer 2

• Dopamine
• Serotonin

Question 3

What role does dopamine play in the brain?

Answer 3

Dopamine carries signals in parts of the brain responsible for feelings of motivation and pleasure.

Question 4

What happens if dopamine levels are reduced?

Answer 4

Reduced dopamine levels can affect motivation and pleasure, contributing to depressive symptoms.

Question 5

What are core symptoms of depression related to dopamine?

Answer 5

• Low mood
• Lack of interest or enjoyment in usual activities
• Lack of motivation

Question 6

What is the dopamine theory in relation to depressive disorder?

Answer 6

The dopamine theory suggests that low levels of dopamine can lead to depressive symptoms.

Question 7

How do antidepressants alleviate symptoms of depressive disorder?

Answer 7

Antidepressants alleviate symptoms by increasing dopamine levels.

Question 8

What is the role of noradrenaline in the brain?

Answer 8

Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter central to the communication of neurons in emotion centers such as the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus.

Question 9

Name a medication that can cause depression as a side effect.

Answer 9

A medication used to treat high blood pressure.
Reserpine

Question 10

What effect does reducing noradrenaline levels have on depression research?

Answer 10

It allows researchers to propose noradrenaline deficiency as a potential cause of depression.

Question 11

True or False: Dopamine levels have no impact on motivation and pleasure.

Answer 11

False

Question 12

Fill in the blank: The main neurotransmitters involved in depressive disorder are _______ and _______.

Answer 12

[Dopamine], [Serotonin]

Question 13

List some emotional centers in the brain affected by noradrenaline.

Answer 13

• Amygdala
• Hypothalamus
• Hippocampus

Question 14

What neurotransmitters are mentioned in relation to depressive and manic episodes?

Answer 14

Serotonin and noradrenaline

An imbalance of serotonin can lead to a drop in noradrenaline, resulting in depressive episodes, while higher levels of serotonin can lead to manic episodes.

Question 15

What is the Monoamines Hypothesis?

Answer 15

A theory that relates depression to imbalances of monoamines, specifically serotonin and noradrenaline

This hypothesis suggests that changes in levels of these neurotransmitters are linked to mood disorders.

Question 16

What amino acid is serotonin created from?

Answer 16

Tryptophan

Tryptophan is found in certain foods and is essential for serotonin production.

Question 17

What hormone can inhibit serotonin production?

Answer 17

Cortisol

Cortisol is known as the stress hormone and can negatively impact serotonin levels.

Question 18

What is upregulation in the context of serotonin receptors?

Answer 18

The process of increasing the number of receptors in response to low serotonin levels

Cells may compensate for low serotonin by creating more receptors, potentially leading to altered neurotransmission.

Question 19

What issues can arise from problems with serotonin transport molecules?

Answer 19

Serotonin may not be cleared from the synapse effectively or may return to the presynaptic cell too readily

This can decrease the availability of serotonin for binding to the postsynaptic cell.

Question 20

True or False: Serotonin can rise and fall for numerous reasons, including stress.

Answer 20

True

Stress and other factors can significantly impact serotonin levels.

Question 21

Fill in the blank: Serotonin is absorbed back into the presynaptic cell via _______.

Answer 21

Transport molecules

These transport molecules are crucial for regulating serotonin levels in the synapse.

Question 22

What can happen if there is too much of a monoamine in the synapse?

Answer 22

Serotonin may fail to bind effectively

Excessive levels of monoamines can disrupt normal neurotransmission.

Question 23

What is a consequence of receptors becoming overly sensitive?

Answer 23

Altered neurotransmission and potential mood disturbances

This can occur especially when serotonin levels are low.

Question 24

bipescotists behive our thoughts

Answer 24

feelings and behaurs are determined by signels passed between clusters of nerons in our nerves system.

Question 25

The study kendler et al had a large sample and looked at female and men monozygotic twins, and their Concorde concordance rates. How large was the sample and what was the concordance rate for the female monozygotic and DZ TWINS?

Answer 25

The study had over 42,000 people the concordance rate for females that were as psychotic was 44% and four does DZ females the concordance rate was 16%

Question 26

The study Kendler , what was the concordance rate for males MZ AND DZ

Answer 26

Mz twins hada concordance rate of 31% and dz had a rate of 11%

Question 27

What do the results from the study show about genetic explanations of mood disorder?

Answer 27

It suggests that the depression has a genetic component that is more heritable in females addition, name, bipolar disorder, seems to be more here to people than unipolar disorder

Question 28

→what is more common bu or ui poler

Answer 28

addinanuly Bipolar appers to Be More Heraible than Unipolar depresson.

Question 29

Concordance rates according to bertelsen et al reteruing rates

Answer 29

62%. for Mz J8%. for DZ.

Question 30

What are the two genes that code for serotonin?

Answer 30

Serotonin receptors or the 5HT2C gene or the serotonin serotonin transporter molecule, which is 5HTT Gene

Question 31

What gene is associated with serotonin receptors?

Answer 31

5-HTT ## Footnote 5-HTT codes for presynaptic transporters related to serotonin.

Question 32

What are the two types of alleles identified for the S-HTT gene?

Answer 32

Short and long alleles ## Footnote The short alleles are linked to a higher risk of depression.

Question 33

What is the risk of depression for individuals with two short alleles following a stress event?

Answer 33

Higher risk ## Footnote Those with two short alleles are at a greater risk of developing depression after stressful events.

Question 34

How does inheriting two long alleles affect the risk of depression?

Answer 34

Lower risk ## Footnote Individuals with two long alleles or one long and one short have a lower risk of depression.

Question 35

What is the relationship between stressful life experiences and the S-HTT gene alleles?

Answer 35

Increased risk ## Footnote More stressful and negative life experiences elevate the risk associated with the short alleles.

Question 36

What does the S-HTT gene code for?

Answer 36

Creation of synaptic receptors ## Footnote The gene is crucial for the production of serotonin receptors.

Question 37

Individuals with two short alleles of the S-HTT gene have a _______ risk of depression compared to those with one long or one short allele.

Answer 37

higher ## Footnote This highlights the genetic predisposition to depression based on allele type.

Question 38

What is the effect of having one long and one short allele on depression risk?

Answer 38

Lower risk than two short alleles ## Footnote This suggests that the presence of a long allele mitigates some risk.

Question 39

True or False: Having two long alleles of the S-HTT gene is associated with a higher risk of developing depression.

Answer 39

False ## Footnote Two long alleles are linked to a lower risk of depression.