explanations of forgetting✅ Flashcards
what are the two explanations of forgetting?
interference theory
retrieval failure due to the absence of cues
1️⃣interference theory:
what is interference?
what memory store does forgetting occur?
when 2 pieces of info are in conflict
in the LTM bc we cant access the memories even though they are available
what are the 2 types of interference|?
what happens in proactive?
what is retroactive interference?
proactive and retroactive
past memories interference with current memories
current memories inter with past memories
why is interference worse when the memories are similar?
in relation to proactive and retroactive interference ..
the proactive stored info makes new info difficult to store
the retroactive new info overwrites previous memories which are similar
1️⃣interference:
key study?
brief procedure?
how many groups were there? what type of words did they look at?
findings?
what does this show?
effects of similarity by McDonald and mcgeoch
ppts were asked to learn a list of words 100% accurately. they were then given a new list to learn which varied in similarity to the last one
6 groups… antonyms, synonyms, unrelated, constant syllables, 3digit numbers, no new list
the most similar material (synonyms) had the worst recall. when ppts were given very different material (digits) the recall increased.
interference is Most likely when the memories are similar
AO3 - interference:
✅2 strengths
❌ 2 weaknesses
✅lab studies evidence demonstrates interference in memory- effects of EV’s
✅real life studies have supported the interference explanation ( baddeley and hitch)
❌the research is the use of artificial material - different to what occurs in daily forgetting
❌the effects of interference e may be overcome by the use cues - interference prevents access to memories stored in the LTM but whit the help of cues these memories may be accessed easier
2️⃣retrieval failure
what is retrieval failure?
due to the absence of cues
when info is placed in our memory stores it is often associated with a cue at the dame time. if these c use aren’t available at the time tis recall, access to the memories is not possible
Retrieval failure:
what is the encoding specificity principle (ESP) ?
who came up with this?
what helps the cue to work better?
cues help retrieval if the same cues are present when learning info (encoding) and recalling the memory (retrieval)
tulving
the closer the retrieval cue is too the original cue
what do some cues have and some cues dont have?
what else in psych is this linked too?
some have meaningful links attached to them so there remembered in a meaningful way but some don’t, they’re encoded at the time of learning but not in a meaningful way
linked to agg. cognitive priming, the cues trigger memories of agg and the same behaviour is reproduced
retrieval failure:
what Is context- dependant forgetting?
what is state- dependant forgetting?
when memory retrieval is based on an external/ environmental cue e.g a place
when memory retrieval is dependant on an internal cue / state of mind eg emotions, being drunk, sadness
2️⃣retrieval failure:
key study?
which two places did the cues take place?
who were the ppt and what were they asked to do?
what did the 4 groups have to do?
godden and baddeley - context dependant forgetting
either on land or underwater
deep- sea divers were asked to learn a list of words to later recall them
g1- learn on land → recall on land
g2- learn on land→ recall underwater
g3- learn underwater → recall on land
g4- learn underwater → recall underwater
2️⃣RF:
findings?
how does this portray context- dependant forgetting?
when environmental contexts of learning and recall didn’t match the accuracy of recall was 40%
however them in conditions where they were the dame (1+4) …. retrieval failure due to a lack of similar cues
info was forgotten when context at recall differed from context at learning
AO3- retrieval failure:
✅ 2 strengths
❌2 weaknesses
✅ impressive amount o freseaxh supports explanations of forgetting (godden, baddely, tulving) … increases validity
✅context- related cues have application to everyday life
❌ context effects aren’t very strong in real life and only occur when tested
❌ encoding specificity principle cant be tested and leads to circular reasoning - theres no way of acc proving the cue has been encoded or not
