experiments Flashcards

1
Q

controlled experiment

A

natural sciences in a lab: taking action and observing the consequences of that action

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2
Q

natural experiments

A

occur in the regular course of social events

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3
Q

dichotomous variable

A

variables with only 2 attributes.present or not present, men or women

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4
Q

pretesting

A

measurement of a dependent variable among subjects before they are exposed to a stimulus representing an independent variable

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5
Q

post testing

A

re-measurement of a dependent variable among subjects after they have been exposed to a stimulus representing an independent variable

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6
Q

double-blind experiment

A

neither the subjects nor the experimenters know which is the experimental group and which is the control group

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7
Q

randomization

A

technique for assigning experimental subjects to experimental and control groups randomly (assigning numbers and randomly picking)

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8
Q

matching

A

having a group with the same variables and splitting them up for experimental group and control group

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9
Q

one shot case study

A

single group of subject is measured on dependent variable following administration of some experimental stimulus

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10
Q

one group pre-test/post-test design

A

possible that some factor other than the independent variable might cause a change between the pre-test and post-test results

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11
Q

static-group comparison

A

shows something to one group but not to another and then measures the same variable in one group

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12
Q

Internal validity

A

possibility that the conclusions drawn from experimental results may not accurately reflect what went on in the experiment itself
-history (historical event)
-maturation (subjects grow older)
-testing (the experiment may let the people know what is being researched so it influence’s people’s behaviour)
-instrumentation (not the same survey given to experimental and control group)
-statistical regression (sometimes appropriate to conduct experiments on subjects who start out with extreme scores on dependent variable, but subjects will definitely change because of start with extreme)
-selection biases (comparisons have no meaning unless the groups are comparable at start of experiment)
-experimental mortality (subjects lose interest)
-demoralization (feelings of deprivation within the control group may result in giving up)

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13
Q

external validity

A

possibility that conclusions drawn from experimental results may not be generalizable to the ‘real’ world
-if there’s interaction between testing situation and experimental stimulus

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14
Q

Solomon four-group design

A

adresses the problem of testing interaction with the stimulus. It avoids the risk that pretesting will have an effect on subjects

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15
Q

controlled experiment

A

taking action and observing the consequences of that action

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16
Q

natural experiments

A

experiments which occur in the regular course of social events

17
Q

pretesting

A

measurement of a dependent variable among subjects before exposure to stimulus representing an independent variable

18
Q

post testing

A

re-measurement of dependent variable among subjects after they have been exposed to a stimulus representing an independent variable

19
Q

double-blind experiment

A

neither subjects nor experimenters know which is experimental group and which is control group

20
Q

randomization

A

assigning experimental subject and control group randomly

21
Q

matching

A

having group of subjects with similarities and splitting them up in experimental and control group

22
Q

one shot study

A

single group used for measuring dependent variable

23
Q

one group pre-test/post-test design

A

possible that some other factor than independent variable might cause a change between the pre-test and post-test results

24
Q

static-group comparison

A

shows one thing to one group but not to another group and then measures the same variable in one group

25
Q

internal validity

A

possibility that the conclusions drawn from experimental results may not accurately reflect what went on in the experiment itself
-history (historical event)
-maturation (growing of subjects)
-testing (process of testing influence’s people behaviour)
-instrumentation (giving different questions to each group)
-statistical regression (if you start with extreme, subjects will most likely change)
-selection biases (comparisons have no meaning unless the groups are comparable at start of experiment)
-experimental mortality (people not wanting to participate anymore)
-demoralization (feelings of deprivation within the control group

26
Q

external invalidity

A

conclusions drawn from experimental results may not be generalizable to the ‘real’ world

27
Q

solomon four group design

A

addresses the problem of testing interaction with the stimulus, it avoids risks that pretesting will have an effect on subjects

group 1- posttest prejudice should be less than pretest prejudice
group 2 - prejudice should be the same in the pretest and posttest
group 1 posttest should show less prejudice than the group 2 posttest does
group 3 posttest should show less prejudice than the group 4 posttest does
group 2 and 4 are control group

28
Q

post-test-only group design

A

randomized assignment of subject to experimental and control groups (only group 3 and 4 of Solomon, without pretest)

29
Q

weakness of experiments

A

artificiality: what happens in experiment may not reflect what happens in outside world, strengths: isolation of independent variable

30
Q

ethics in experiments

A

involve deceiving subjects, intrusive, cause damage to subjects

31
Q
A