chapter 1

Question 1

agreement reality

Answer 1

those things we know as part and parcel of the culture we share with those around us

Question 2

epistemology

Answer 2

science of knowing; systems of knowledge

Question 3

methodology

Answer 3

science of finding out; procedures for scientific investigation

Question 4

causal reasoning

Answer 4

recognize future circumstances are somehow caused or conditioned by present ones

Question 5

probabilitstic

Answer 5

effects occur more often when the causes occur than when the causes are absent but not always (studying causes a high grade but not always)

Question 6

human inquiry

Answer 6

aims at answering both what and why questions and pursue goals by observing and figuring out

Question 7

sources of second-hand knowledge

Answer 7

tradition, culture (advantages you dont start from scratch with your knowledge, disadvantage we dont really think of questioning those things)

Question 8

authority

Answer 8

we do well in trust in judgement of person who has special training, but we depend on the authority of experts speaking outside their realm of expertise

Question 9

inaccurate observations (what solution)

Answer 9

make observations more deliberate

Question 10

overgeneralization (solution)

Answer 10

seek sufficiently large sample of observations

Question 10

selective observation solution

Answer 10

select number of people who you’ll interview or find deviant cases

Question 11

theory

Answer 11

systematic explanation for observations that relate to a particular aspect of life

Question 11

illogical reasoning solution

Answer 11

find people who make sure you stay honest

Question 11

premodern view reality

Answer 11

see things as they really are

Question 12

modern view reality

Answer 12

accepts diversity in ways of thinking

Question 13

postmodern view reality

Answer 13

all that’s real are the images we get through our points of view

Question 14

variable

Answer 14

logical set of attributes (occupation, sex, gender)

Question 15

attributes

Answer 15

characteristic of a person or a thing (farmer, vet, male, woman)

Question 16

independent variable

Answer 16

causes or determines a dependent variable (if religiosity is a function of sex than sex is independent variable, the religiosity is dependent on the sex)

Question 17

dependent variable

Answer 17

variable assumed to depend on or be caused by the independent variable

Question 18

idiographic

Answer 18

explanation where you want to look for individual causes of a particular condition

Question 19

nomothetic

Answer 19

seek to identify a few causal factors that generally impact a class of conditions (explain patterns)

Question 20

induction

Answer 20

observations -> theory / specific -> general

Question 21

deduction

Answer 21

theory -> observations / general -> specific

Question 22

quantitative data

Answer 22

numerical (surveys) (nomothetic & deductive)

Question 23

qualitative

Answer 23

non-numerical (interview) (idiographic/ inductive)