EXP 6 & 7

Question 1

It can be made by mixing a soluble compound that contains the conjugate base with a solution of the acid such as sodium acetate with acetic acid or ammonia with ammonium chloride

Answer 1

Buffer system

Question 2

A buffer system can be made by mixing a soluble compound that contains the ____ with a solution of the ___ such as ____ with ____ or ____ with _______

Answer 2

conjugate base; acid

sodium acetate; acetic acid

Ammonia; ammonium chloride

Question 3

A solution in which the pH of the solution is resistant to small additions of either a strong acid or strong base

Answer 3

Buffer solution

Question 4

Buffers usually consist of a ___ and its ____, in relatively equal and “large” quantities.

Answer 4

weak acid; conjugate base

Question 5

Logarithm of H ion conc
Sorensen pH scale :

Answer 5

pH >7, pH =7, pH <7

Question 6

Logarithm of H ion conc
lonization :

Answer 6

Complete separation of ions in a crystals lattice when salt is dissolve

Question 7

Logarithm of H ion conc
Dissociation:

Answer 7

Separation of ions in solution when the ions are associated by interionic interaction

Question 8

Logarithm of H ion conc
For Weak Acids (ka) ACIDITY CONSTANT

Answer 8

HA + H2O↔ H3O+ + A-

Question 9

Logarithm of H ion conc
BASICITY CONSTANT
For Weak Bases (kb)

Answer 9

B+ H2O→ OH- + BH+

Question 10

For the lonization of Water (kw) IONIZATION CONSTANT OF WATER

Answer 10

H2O + H2O →→H3O+ + OH-

Question 11

Strong Acids FORMULA:

Answer 11

pH = -log (H+)

Question 12

Strong Bases FORMULA:

Answer 12

pOH = -log[OH]
pH = pKw -pOH

Question 13

Weak Acids FORMULA:

Answer 13

pH = -log √CAKa

Question 14

Weak Bases FORMULA:

Answer 14

pOH = -log √ CBkb

Question 15

Responsible for a quantitative expression.

Answer 15

Van Slyke

Question 16

Van Slyke :

Answer 16

Amount in g/L of strong acid or a strong base required to be added to a solution to change its pH by 1 unit.

Question 17

HIGHER BUFFER CAPACITY= __CHANGE IN PH

Answer 17

LOW

Question 18

Many drugs are weakly acidic or basic, and the _____ of the drug and the ______ and _____ have an important influence on the transfer process.

Answer 18

ionic character; biologic compartments, membrane

Question 19

Acidity Constant (Ka)=

Answer 19

Ka = [H3O+] [A-] /[HA+]

Question 20

Basicity Constant (Kb)=

Answer 20

Kb = [OH] [BH+] /[B+]

Question 21

it is used to measure the strength of acids and bases and to calculate the extent of ionization of a weak acid or base at a given pH.

Answer 21

Ionization Constant or Dissociation Constant

Question 22

From the Henderson-Hasselbach relation for a weak acid;

Answer 22

PH = pKa + log [A-] /[HA] (SALT OVER ACID)

Question 23

For a weak base, the equation is

Answer 23

PH = pKa + log [B] /[BH+] (BASE OVER SALT)

Question 24

Universal buffers is effective over a wide pH range because each _______ has its own _____ value

Answer 24

stage of ionization of polybasic acid; Bmax

Question 25

EXAMPLE OF POLYBASIC ACID:

Answer 25

A mixture of citric acid, Na2HPO4, diethylbarbituric acid, and boric acid

Question 26

2 TYPES OF BUFFERS STATED:

Answer 26

Phosphate Buffer System Borate Buffer System

Question 27

Phosphate Buffer System: EX:

Answer 27

Phosphate Buffer System

Question 28

Borate Buffer System: EX:

Answer 28

Feldman's Buffer, Atkins and Pantin Buffer, Gifford Buffer

Question 29

Is the concentration of the solutes that cannot cross the pressure on the membrane

Answer 29

TONICITY

Question 30

Drugs must be isotonic with the body fluids to prevent?

Answer 30

Irritation

Question 31

Also, ____ and _____administration requires isotonicity.

Answer 31

ophthalmic; parenteral

Question 32

cell shrinkage due to excess release of water

Answer 32

HYPERTONIC

Question 33

cell swelling with excess absorption of water

Answer 33

HYPOTONIC

Question 34

Equal release and absorption of water through the cell

Answer 34

ISOTONIC

Question 35

Same osmotic pressure with the living tissue.

Answer 35

ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS (0.9%)

Question 36

It cause no swelling or contraction of the tissues with which they come in contact.

Answer 36

ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS (0.9%)

Question 37

____ of NaCl is isotonic with RBC

Answer 37

0.9 g

Question 38

ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS (0.9%) ADVANTAGES:

Answer 38

No discomfort when instilled in the eye, nasal tract, blood or other body tissues.

Question 39

Solutions that are high in osmotic pressure than the living tissue.

Answer 39

HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS (>0.9%)

Question 40

HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS (>0.9%) EXAMPLE:

Answer 40

CRENATION OF RBC (CELL SHRINKING)

Question 41

Solutions that are low in osmotic pressure than the living tissue.

Answer 41

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION (<0.9%)

Question 42

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION (<0.9%) EXAMPLE:

Answer 42

hemolysis of RBC (CELL SWELLING)

Question 43

METHODS OF ADJUSTING TONICITY

Answer 43

CLASS 1 METHOD CLASS 2 METHOD

Question 44

NaCl or some other substance is added to the solution of the drug to lower the freezing point of the solution to -0.52°C and thus make it isotonic with bodily fluids.

Answer 44

Class I Method

Question 45

Class I Method - ____ or some other substance is added to the solution of the drug to _______ of the solution to ______ and thus make it isotonic with bodily fluids.

Answer 45

NaCl; lower the freezing point; -0.52°C

Question 46

Water is added to the drug in sufficient amount to form an isotonic solution.

Answer 46

Class II Method

Question 47

Class II Method - ____ is added to the drug in sufficient amount to form an _____ solution.

Answer 47

Water; isotonic

Question 48

Methods of Adjusting tonicity: Class 1:

Answer 48

Addition of tonicity or adjusting agent 1. Freezing pt. Depression/Cryoscopic Method 2. NaCl equivalent method/ E-Value Method

Question 49

Methods of Adjusting tonicity: Class 2:

Answer 49

Addition of water and dilution with buffered isotonic solution 1. White Vincent method 2. Sprowl's Method

Question 50

1. White Vincent method FORMULA:

Answer 50

V= (W)(E)(111.1)

Question 51

2. Sprowl's Method FORMULA:

Answer 51

V= 0.03g(E)(111.1)

Question 52

E-value Aka

Answer 52

TONICIC EQUIVALENT OF A DRUG

Question 53

is the amount of NaCl (g) that is equivalent to 1g of the drug.

Answer 53

E-value

Question 54

A. White Vincent Method: V= w X EX 111.1 - w is the _____ of the drugs given on the problem 。 - E is the _____ of isotonic agent.

Answer 54

weight in grams; sodium equivalent

Question 55

the volume of isotonic solution that can be prepared by mixing 0.3 g of the drug with sufficient water.

Answer 55

Sprowls Method: