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PPAR > COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES > Flashcards

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES Flashcards

1
Q

What are the physical properties of substances?

A

Colligative Properties
Additive Properties
Constitutive Properties

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2
Q

Colligative Properties - depend mainly on the ______ in a solution.

A

number of particles

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3
Q

Colligative Properties:

A

Osmotic Pressure, Vapor Pressure Lowering,
Freezing Point Depression, Boiling Point Elevation

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4
Q

Additive Properties - depend on the ______ of the atoms in the molecule or on the
______ of the constituents in a
solution.

A

total contribution; sum of the properties

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5
Q

Additive Properties:

A

Molecular Weight

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6
Q

Constitutive Properties - depend on the ____ and to a lesser extent on the ___
and ____of atoms within a molecule

A

arrangement; number; kind

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7
Q

Constitutive Properties:

A

Refractive Index, Optical Rotation, Solubility

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8
Q

depend mainly on the
number of particles in a solution.

A

Colligative Properties

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9
Q

depend on the total contribution of the atoms in the molecule or on the
sum of the properties of the constituents in a
solution.

A

Additive Properties

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10
Q

depend on the arrangement and to a lesser extent on the number
and kind of atoms within a molecule

A

Constitutive Properties

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11
Q

On adding a solute to a solvent, the properties of
the solvent are ____

A

modified.

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12
Q

Vapor pressure -
Freezing point -
Boiling point -

A

decreases
decreases
increases

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13
Q

Colligative Properties depend only on the
____ of solute particles relative
to solvent particles, not on the ____ of solute particles.

A

NUMBER; KIND

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14
Q

is the pressure of the saturated vapor
above a liquid resulting from the escape of the surface
liquid.

A

Vapor Pressure

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15
Q

the vapor pressure of an ideal solution is dependent on the
______ of each _____ and the _____ of the component present in the solution.

A

vapor pressure; chemical component; mole
fraction

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16
Q

When a nonvolatile solute is combined with a volatile
solvent, the vapor above the solution is provided solely by the
___

A

solvent.

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17
Q

´ The ____ reduces the escaping tendency of the solvent and, on
the basis of ____

A

solute; Raoult’s Law

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18
Q

The vapor pressure of a solution
containing a nonvolatile solute is
lowered _____to the
relative number of the solute
molecules.

A

Raoult’s Law; proportional

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19
Q

According to Raoult’s Law, the _____ over a dilute solution is ____
to the _____,
times the _____ in the
solution .

A

vapor pressure
of a solvent; equal; vapor pressure of the pure solvent; mole fraction of solute

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20
Q

X2 =

A

mole fraction of solute

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21
Q

pi o =

A

vapor pressure of the pure
solvent

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22
Q

is used to measure
the pressure difference of the
vapor pressure between the
solution and the pure
solvent.

A

Manometer

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23
Q

Manometer is used to measure
the pressure difference of the
vapor pressure between the
_____ and the _____.

A

solution; pure
solvent

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24
Q

For dilute aqueous solutions,
however, the vapor pressure
lowering is so _____ as to
produce a _____ in the
measurement.

A

slight; serious error

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25
Q

_______small differences in vapor pressure.

A

Accurate differential manometers

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26
Q

is used
frequently for the precise
determination of vapor pressures.

A

isopiestic method

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27
Q
  • when a nonvolatile solute is added
    to a volatile solvent, the solute
    reduces the escaping tendency of
    the solvent, thus,
  • the VP of the solution is _________
    proportional to the relative number
    of solute molecules.
A

lowered

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28
Q

´Is the temperature at
which the vapor pressure
of the liquid becomes
equal to the external
atmospheric pressure

A

Boiling Point

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29
Q

The boiling point of a solution
of a nonvolatile solute is
____ than that of the pure
solvent, (solute ____ the
vapor pressure of the solvent).

A

higher; lowers

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30
Q

´In the _____, the
vapor and the boiling
solvent are pumped by
the force of ebullition
through a glass tube
and sprayed over the
thermometer bulb to
obtain an invariant
equilibrium temperature.

A

Cottrell boiling
point apparatus

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31
Q

the phenomenon that theboiling pointof
aliquid(asolvent) will be higher when
another compound is added, meaning
that asolutionhas a higher boiling point
than a pure solvent.

A

BOILING POINT ELEVATION

32
Q

BOILING POINT ELEVATION happens whenever a _____, such as a _____, is added to a ____, such as water.

A

non-volatile
solute; salt; pure
solvent

33
Q

The boiling point can be measured
accurately using an

A

ebullioscope

34
Q

symbol of the molal boiling point
elevation constant or the
ebullioscopic constant

A

kb

35
Q

EBULLIOSCOPE FORMULA

A

∆Tb = kbm

36
Q

Ebullioscopic
Constant:

A

0.52 degC/mole

37
Q
  • the BP of a solution containing a
    nonvolatile solute would be ______
    that the pure solvent because the
    solute would _______ the vapor
    pressure of the solvent
A

HIGHER; LOWER

38
Q

the phenomenon in which the freezing
pointof aliquid(asolvent) is depressed
when another compound is added,
meaning that asolution has a lower
freezing point than a pure solvent.

A

FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

39
Q

FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION phenomenon may be observed
in _____, which due to its salt
content remains liquid at
temperatures below____,
the freezing point of _____.

A

sea water; 0°C (32°F); pure water

40
Q

The ______ of air-free water, at
which solid, liquid, and vapor are in
equilibrium, lies at a pressure of ____and a temperature of ______

A

triple point; 4.58
mmHg; 0.0098
°C.

41
Q

´If a solute is dissolved in the liquid at
the _____, the escaping
tendency or vapor pressure of the
liquid solvent is ______ below that of
pure solid solvent.

A

triple point; lowered

42
Q

The temperature must _____ in order
to reestablish equilibrium between the
liquid and the solid.

A

drop

43
Q

Methods for the Determination of
Freezing Point Lowering

A

1.Beckmann method
2.The Equilibrium method.

44
Q

´It consists of a jacketed tube with a
sidearm through which the test
material may be introduced.

A

Beckmann method

45
Q

is
supported in the tube and extends
into the test solution.

A

Beckmann thermometer

46
Q

´In carrying out a determination, the
temperature is read on the
______
at the freezing point of the pure
solvent, water.

A

Beckmann differential thermometer

47
Q

A ____ is
introduced into the apparatus,
containing a _____,
and the freezing point of the solution
is read and recorded.

A

known weight of the solute; given weight of solvent

48
Q

The freezing point of a solution is ____ than that of the
pure solvent

A

LOWER

49
Q

COMMON APPLICATIONS OF FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

A

Propylene glycol
Ethylene
glycol –
deadly to
small
animals

50
Q

solutions have a _________ FP that the
pure solvent.

A

LOWER

51
Q

the cryoscopic constant:

A

1.86
degC/molal

52
Q

FORMULA FOR FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION:

A

∆Tf = kfm

53
Q

SYMBOL FOR the molal FP elevation
constant or the cryoscopic
constant

A

kf

54
Q

molality solution =

A

moles of solute / kg of solvent

55
Q

Tf=

A

(Freezing point of pure solvent) - (Freezing point of solution)

56
Q

the spontaneous net movement of water
across a semipermeable membrane from a
region of high to low water concentration.

A

OSMOSIS

57
Q

is the movement of solvent through a semi
permeable membrane that allows only solvent to
move through it.

A

Osmosis

58
Q

is the pressure which needs to be
applied to a solution to prevent the
inward flow of water across a
semipermeable membrane.

A

Osmotic pressure

59
Q

The phenomenon of osmotic pressure
_____ from the tendency of a pure
solvent to move through a _____ and into a
solution containing a solute to which the
membrane is _____.

A

arises; semi
permeable membrane; impermeable

60
Q

All aqueous solutions of non-volatile
solutes exert an

A

osmotic pressure

61
Q

is the opposite of
water potential, which is the degree to
which a solvent tends to stay in a
liquid.

A

Osmotic Potential

62
Q

is based
on the principle of thistle tube.

A

Osmometer

63
Q

Osmometer is based
on the principle of

A

thistle tube

64
Q

Van’t Hoff Equation

A

¶V= Nrt or ¶=mRT

65
Q

A

osmotic pressure in atm

66
Q

V

A

volume of solutions in Liters

67
Q

n

A

number of moles of solute

68
Q

R is the gas constant equal to

A

0.08205L atm/mole

69
Q

T

A

absolute temperature in °K

70
Q

____ concluded that there
was an apparent analogy
between solutions and gases and
that the osmotic pressure in a
dilute solution was equal to the
pressure that the solute would exert
if it were a gas occupying volume.

A

Van’t Hoff

71
Q

Van’t Hoff equation Corresponded to the equation for

A

ideal gas

72
Q

Morse Equation

A

¶= MRT

73
Q

is an important factor
affecting cells.

A

Osmotic pressure

74
Q

is the homeostasis mechanism
of an organism to reach balance in osmotic
pressure.

A

Osmoregulation

75
Q

is the presence of a solution that
causes cells to shrink.

A

Hypertonicity

76
Q

is the presence of a solution that
causes cells to swell.

A

Hypotonicity

77
Q

is the presence of a solution that
produces no change in cell volume.

A

´Isotonic

PPAR (13 decks)

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