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Cellular Science > Exfoliative And Aspiritive Cytology > Flashcards

Exfoliative And Aspiritive Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

What are exfoliating cells

A

Cells that are shed spontaneously

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2
Q

What is Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC)

A

A technique in which a needle is used to obtain cells

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3
Q

What is the role of the BMS in exfoliative Cytology

A 
Preparation of samples - sample them, retrieve them, stain them
Quality control
Primary screening
Reporting negative samples
Prepar agars
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4
Q

Why are cells fixated

A

To prevent petrifaction (breakdown via microbes) and autolysis of cells by enzymes

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5
Q

What does fixation do on a cellular level

A

Works by stabilising proteins, denaturing or coagulating proteins and may disrupt chemical bonds

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6
Q

How does alcoholic fixation work

A

Dehydrated cells called a Coagulative fixative

Cells contract, appearing round or spherical

Provides excellent preservation of both nuclear and cytoplasmic details

Cheap fast convenient easy

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7
Q

How does air dry fixation work

A

Removes water from cells

Flattens call against glass slide creating impression of enlargement

Especially useful at on site adequacy assessments

Cheap fast convenient easy

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8
Q

Why do we stain sample and how does it work

A

To bring out components as they are all similar contrast and refractive index
They bind to tissues (specific chemicals)

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9
Q

Name the main three agents used in PAP stain

A 
Haemotoxylin
Eosin azure (EA)
Orange G (OG)
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10
Q

Describe haemotoxylin

A

It’s a nuclear stain which is important as disease alters nuclear structure & contents

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11
Q

Describe Eosin Azure (EA)

A

Contains light green and eosin to stain cytoplasm Pink or Green

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12
Q

Describe Orange G (OG)

A

Small dye that penetrates dense structures e.g. keratin and stains Orange

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13
Q

Give 2 examples of exfoliative samples

A

Urine and body fluid samples

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14
Q

What 3 places are FNA used to sample

A

FNA Neck, FNA Lung, FNA Lymph Nodes

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15
Q

Give some examples of places cells shed spontaneously (internally)

A

UT, respiratory tract, serous cavities

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16
Q

What are some reasons for looking at urine Cytology in a patient

A

Tumour detection

Screen high risk (asymptomatic patients)

17
Q

How is a urine sample prepared

A

Served fresh

May be fixed

Concentrated centrifuge

Layered onto slide by cytocentrifuge or liquid based Cytology

18
Q

Where may a respiratory sample be taken from

A 
Sputum
Bronchial brush
Bronchial tan
Bronchial Lavage
Broncioalveolar lavage
19
Q

What are the general features of malignancy

A 
High nuclear:cytoplasm ratio
Hyperchromatic nuclei
Abnormal chromatin pattern
Irregular nuclear membranes
Nuclear polymorphism 
Abnormal mitosis
Irregular nucleoli
20
Q

What are the 2 types malignant lung cancers

A

Small cell carcinoma (SCC)

Non-small cell carcinoma (NSCC)

21
Q

Describe a small cell carcinoma (SCC)

A

Small tumour cells
Dissociated cells
Necrosis
Dense or coarse chromatin

22
Q

Describe a Non-small cell carcinoma (NSCC) (Adenocarcinoma)

A

Crowded sheets, balls, papillae and microacini, eccentrically placed, shaped or lobed nuclei
Finely granular chromatin
Centrally place macronucleoli
Intracytoplasmic mucin

23
Q

Name the 5 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers (stains) used to detect lung cancers

A 
TTF-1 (thyroid transcription factor)
Napsin A
CK7 (cytokeratin 7)
CK5/6
P63
24
Q

What out of the 5 IHCs don’t test for adenocarcinoma

A

TTF-1 and Napsin A (test for squamous cell carcinoma)

25
Q

What out of the 5 IHCs don’t test for squamous cell carcinoma

A

CK7, CK5/6, P63 (test for Adenocarcinoma)

26
Q

Describe the characteristics of Squamous cell carcinoma

A 
Single malignant and loose clusters
Dense cytoplasmic keratinisation
Intracellular bridges
Hyperchromatic nuclei
Abnormal nuclear:cytoplasm
Bizarre cells - tadpole, snake and fibre cells
Multinucleated giant cells
Necrosis
27
Q

Define necrosis

A

Death of all or most of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease or failure of blood supply

28
Q

What are some granulomatous infections

A

TB
Sarcoid
Fungi

29
Q

Characteristics of serous fluid

A

Small amount present under Normal conditions
Accumulation in serous cavities reflects local or systemic disease
Effusions can be classified in to transudates and exudates

30
Q

What are the two classes of effusion in serous effusion Cytology

A

Transudates and exudates

31
Q

How are serous fluid samples prepared

A

Received fresh
50-100ml
Concentrated in centrifuge
Layered on slide by cytocentrifuge and Liquid based Cytology

32
Q

Describe the characteristics of a Mesothelial cell

A 
Single or in small clusters
15-30micrometers in diameter
Varied staining endoplasm and ectoplasm
Nuclei central or paracentral
Contain nucleoli
33
Q

In terms of mesothelial cells, what are the possible routes of a cancer

A

Benign mesothelial proliferation
Malignant mesothelioma
Reactive mesothelial cells
Adenocarcinoma

Cellular Science (19 decks)

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