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Respiratory > Exercise Physiology > Flashcards

Exercise Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for SV?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

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2
Q

What is the equation for MAP?

A

CO x TPR

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3
Q

What is the equation for VO2?

A

CO x avO2 diff

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4
Q

What are the effects of the SNS with exercise?

A

Increases HR, contractility, and TPR

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5
Q

What is the limiting factor of exercise, normally?

A

cardiac output

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6
Q

What are the three factors of CO that the SNS affects?

A

HR
TPR
Contractility

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7
Q

Why does SNS activity increase with exercise?

A

Resetting the baroreflex set point to a higher pressure d/t changes in the central command and the exercise pressor reflex

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8
Q

How is the baroreceptor reflex controlled? (3)

A
  • Mechanoreceptors in the heart
  • central command
  • Exercise pressor reflex
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9
Q

What are the two receptors that are responsible for baroreceptor resetting via the exercise pressor reflex?

A

Mechanoreceptors

Metaboreceptors

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10
Q

What is the feedforward mechanism of SNS?

A

Central command increases SNS

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11
Q

What is the feedback mechanism of the SNS during exercise?

A

Exercise pressor reflex

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12
Q

What is the effect of the SNS on nerve activity with a drop in arterial pressure? Sudden increase?

A
  • Inhibit the vagus if drops

- Stimulate if increases

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13
Q

What happens to SNS activity with increased BP? When in the cardiac cycle do these bursts occurs?

A

Increased discharge

When pressure drops during diastole

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14
Q

Where does arterial constriction occur at to increase TPR? (3)

A

Skin
Muscle
Kidney

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15
Q

What is the central command bit of BP regulation? What does this do?

A

Higher CNS areas that operate in anticipatory phase of exercise and during exercise

Increases SNS output with increased alpha motor neuron output

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16
Q

What are the three areas that are affected with increased activity of “central command”?

A

Skeletal muscles
CV system
Respiratory system

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17
Q

What are the nerves that relay the exercise pressor reflex?

A

Grp III = mechanoreflex

Grp IV = Metaboreflex

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18
Q

What is the effector part of the exercise pressor reflex? What is the integration site?

A

SNS

CV centers

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19
Q

What are the two variables sensed with the exercise pressor reflex?

A
  • Metaboreflex (VD metabolites)

- Mechanoreflex (speed and force of contraction)

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20
Q

What happens to the distribution of blood with increasing intensity of exercise?

A

Redistributes more to the muscles

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21
Q

What percent of flow can be redirected to muscle during exercise?

A

80%

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22
Q

What is the normal CO during rest? Exercise in an athlete?

A

5 L/min

40L/min in an athlete

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23
Q

What allows vasodilation of the muscles despite SNS activity telling it to constrict?

A

Metabolic autoregulation–accumulation of VD metabolites increase during exercise, causing vasodilation

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24
Q

What are the two places in the body that are not affected with constrictive SNS activity?

A

Brain

Coronary vasculature

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25
Q

What happens to SBP and DBP as exercise intensity increases?

A
  • SBP increases

- DBP stays constant, or lowers

26
Q

What causes the drop in DBP with exercise?

A

Muscular vasodilation causes a drop in TPR

27
Q

SBP rises in proportion to what?

A

Flow

28
Q

What happens to DBP with resistance exercises?

A

Increased TPR d/t resistance to flow in the muscles

29
Q

What is the relative increase in BP and HR with arm exercise compared to leg? What is the significance of this?

A

Arm causes a higher increase in HR and BP

MIs frequently occur with arm exercise

30
Q

What is the range of average VO2max?

A

30s, with higher being better

31
Q

What is the VO2max that indicates difficulties with ADLs?

A

12-14 ml/kg*min

32
Q

What are METs?

A

x resting VO2

33
Q

What is the relation between HR and work rate?

A

Will increase in similar amounts.

34
Q

What is the use of submaximal tests or walking tests?

A

Increase in distance for a 6 min walk test

measures improvement

35
Q

What is the equation for VO2?

A

HR x SV x avgO2 diff

36
Q

What causes the increase in HR with exercise?

A

Vagal withdrawal, increases in SNS

37
Q

What is the max HR equation?

A

208- (0.7 x age)

38
Q

Why does stroke volume increase with exercise? (3)

A
  • Increased venous return
  • SNA on cardiac muscle (Ca)
  • Decreased TPR
39
Q

What is the Ca induced Ca release model of cardiac myocytes?

A

Increase in Ca from SNS increase, increases contractility

40
Q

What is avO2 difference?

A

Difference between the oxygen content in arterial blood and venous blood

41
Q

Why does the avO2 difference increase with exercise? (2)

A
  • Redistribution of flow to active tissues during exercise

- Rightward shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

42
Q

What happens to the hypothalamic set point with increased heat with exercise?

A

No change in the set point, but still regulated

43
Q

What is the compensatory response to increased heat generation? How?

A

Cutaneous vasodilation d/t dual innervation of the SNS

44
Q

What are the four responses to cold?

A
  • Cutaneous vasoconstriction
  • Piloerection
  • Shivering
  • Increased thermogenesis
45
Q

What are the two major responses to increased heat?

A
  • Cutaneous vasodilation

- sweating and evaporation

46
Q

True or false: skin competes with muscle for flow during exercise

A

True

47
Q

What does it mean that skin is a compliant circulation?

A

Readily changes circulation with temperature changes

48
Q

Why is heating a cardiac strain?

A

Blood is shunted into skin, meaning more CO is needed to maintain homeostasis

49
Q

What happens to SV with prolonged sweating from exercise? How is this compensated for?

A

Drops d/t dehydration

Increases HR

50
Q

What is the MOA of heat related stress problems?

A

Decreased SV causes problems if heart has issues increasing rates

51
Q

What is phase I of integrated regulation during exercise?

A

Central command increases ventilatory rate

52
Q

What is phase II of integrated regulation during exercise?

A

Ve rises to reach steady state

53
Q

Lactate accumulation in exercise is due to what?

A

Inability to remove it

54
Q

What is the LT?

A

Point at which lactate accumulates within the blood

55
Q

What is the VT?

A

VE/VO2 relationship departs from linearity

56
Q

What happens physiologically with exercise training?

A

Better at extracting the O2, so decreased muscle blood flow spares blood for thermoregulation

57
Q

What are the metabolic adaptations to training? (5)

A
  • Increased mitochondrial response
  • Capillary density
  • Glucose sparing effect
  • Blood lactate clearance
  • Insulin sensitivity
58
Q

What are the GLUT transporters that are increased with exercise?

A

GLUT4

59
Q

What does it mean that exercise is a natural insulin?

A

Will cause an increase in GLUT4

60
Q

What are the two primary controllers of ventilatory rate?

A

CO2 and pH

61
Q

What happens in phase III of ventilation during exercise?

A

Fine tuning through peripheral feedback

62
Q

What happens in the recovery phase of ventilation regulation?

A

Abrupt loss of central command and peripheral muscle causes drop in ventilation

Respiratory (34 decks)

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