Exercise Physiology Flashcards
What are the immediate physiological responses to individual bouts of exercise?
Responses include increased heart rate, cardiac output, and local vasodilation.
What populations are discussed in relation to exercise physiology in this chapter?
Apparently healthy individuals and individuals with coronary artery disease.
What are the health benefits of physical activity in adults (18-64) and older adults (64+)?
Benefits include improved all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, incident hypertension, incident type-2 diabetes, mental health, cognitive health, and sleep.
Fill in the blank: The WHO guidelines on physical activity provide evidence-based public health recommendations for _______.
[children, adolescents, adults, older adults]
True or False: The health benefits of physical activity are independent of the amount of activity performed.
False
What is the principle behind resistance training (RT) and aerobic exercise training (AET)?
The principle of progressive overload.
What is the typical resting heart rate range for an average individual?
60 to 80 beats per minute.
What happens to heart rate just prior to exercise?
Heart rate rises to above normal resting levels due to increased sympathetic activity.
What is the relationship between heart rate and exercise intensity?
Heart rate increases directly in relation to exercise intensity.
What adaptations occur in the cardiovascular system during sustained dynamic exercise?
Increased cardiac output and oxygen extraction in active skeletal muscle.
Fill in the blank: Cardiac rehabilitation specialists focus on motivating patients to develop a habitually _______ lifestyle.
[physically active]
What is the recommended exercise intensity for inducing a training effect?
Above a minimal level required to induce a training effect but below the intensity that evokes abnormal clinical signs.
What role does local vasodilation play during exercise?
It ensures sufficient blood supply to the working muscles.
What are the potential benefits of increasing physical activity levels within the general population?
Reduction in disease risk and improvement in health outcomes.
What is the importance of understanding the dose-response relationship in physical activity?
Some activity is better than none, but more activity generally confers greater benefits.
What are the specific outcomes improved by physical activity in older adults?
Prevention of falls, falls-related injuries, declines in bone health, and functional ability.
True or False: Sedentary behavior has no association with health outcomes.
False
What is the total blood flow at rest?
12,500 ml/min
This represents 73% of the total blood flow distribution.
What percentage of blood flow is directed to the brain at rest?
13%
This corresponds to 750 ml/min.
How much blood flow is allocated to the heart during strenuous exercise?
600 ml/min
This represents 3% of total blood flow during exercise.
What is the blood flow to the kidneys at rest?
1,100 ml/min
This accounts for 20% of blood flow.
During strenuous exercise, how much blood flow is directed to the muscles?
17,500 ml/min
This is the total blood flow to muscles during strenuous activity.
What percentage of blood flow is directed to the skin at rest?
10%
This corresponds to 600 ml/min.
Fill in the blank: The blood flow to the abdominal organs at rest is ______.
1,400 ml/min
What is the blood flow to the organs categorized as ‘Other’ at rest?
5800 ml/min
This is a significant portion of the total blood flow.
What is the blood flow to the heart during rest?
250 ml/min
This represents 4% of the blood flow.
What is the blood flow to the brain during strenuous exercise?
1,900 ml/min
This is an increase from the resting state.
What is maximal heart rate (HRmax)?
The highest heart rate value that is achieved in an all-out effort.
How does maximal heart rate change with age?
Maximal heart rate declines steadily with age by about 1 beat per year starting at 10-15 years of age.
What happens to heart rate during a submaximal workload held constant?
Heart rate usually achieves a steady state after an initial increase, plateauing at a constant workload.
How long is required to ensure steady state heart rate is achieved?
At least four minutes of constant workload.
What is cardiovascular drift?
The phenomenon where heart rate continues to drift upwards instead of maintaining a steady state during prolonged exercise, especially in hot conditions.
What happens to stroke volume during exercise?
Stroke volume initially increases with incremental workload but does not continue to increase beyond 40-50% of maximal capacity.
What factors contribute to the increase in stroke volume during exercise?
- Increased contractility of the heart muscle due to increased sympathetic activity
- Increased preload from greater volume of blood returned from the veins.
What happens to cardiac output as exercise intensity increases?
Cardiac output rises due to increases in heart rate and stroke volume.
What is the maximum increase in cardiac output during strenuous exercise for relatively sedentary men?
Cardiac output can increase as much as four-fold above resting level.
How does systolic blood pressure change during exercise?
Systolic blood pressure increases in direct proportion to increased exercise intensity.
What is a typical at-rest systolic blood pressure, and how can it change at maximal exertion?
A typical at-rest systolic blood pressure is 120 mm Hg and may exceed 200 mm Hg at maximal exertion.
How does diastolic blood pressure (DBP) respond to increased exercise intensity?
Diastolic blood pressure hardly changes at all as exercise intensity increases.
Fill in the blank: Maximal heart rate declines steadily with age by about _______ per year.
1 beat
What can the Valsalva manoeuvre induce during resistance training?
A large increase in venous return, leading to increased cardiac output and BP.
This can raise myocardial oxygen demand.
How can the Valsalva manoeuvre be avoided during exercise?
By exhaling during muscular contraction and inhaling during the eccentric phase.
This technique is recommended for proper breathing during resistance training.
What is the relationship between muscle mass and systolic blood pressure during exercise?
Systolic blood pressure will be greater when the exercising muscle mass is relatively small.
For example, arm exercises compared to leg exercises at the same absolute energy expenditure.
What happens to total peripheral resistance when a smaller muscle mass is used during exercise?
It is reduced less compared to exercises with larger muscle groups.
What is the rate pressure product (RPP) formula?
HR x SBP.
RPP is an indirect measure of myocardial oxygen consumption.
What type of work places greater stress on the myocardium for the same workload?
Static work or dynamic work restricted to the upper body.
Examples include pedaling with arms at 200 watts versus legs at 200 watts.
What percentage of cardiac output goes to skeletal muscle at rest versus during maximal exercise?
15-20% at rest; up to 80-85% during maximal exercise.
What does the sympathetic nervous system control during exercise?
Redistribution of blood from less active tissues to more active tissues, such as skeletal muscle.
What is the efficiency of the human machine during exercise?
About 20% efficient.
This means only 20% of energy expended is converted to external work.
What happens to blood flow during prolonged exercise in hot or humid conditions?
Blood is redirected to the skin for heat loss, reducing blood volume due to sweating.
What is the effect of reduced venous return on stroke volume during exercise?
Stroke volume is reduced, necessitating an increase in heart rate to maintain cardiac output.
What is the arterial venous oxygen difference [(a-v) O2 diff]?
The difference in oxygen content between arterioles and venules, representing oxygen extracted by tissues.
How much oxygen is typically present in blood at rest in arterioles and venules?
20 ml of oxygen per 100 ml in arterioles; 15 ml per 100 ml in venules.
How does the (a-v) O2 diff change during exercise?
It may increase approximately threefold between rest and maximal exercise levels.
What is the oxygen content in arteries at rest?
20 ml O2 per 100 ml blood
What is the oxygen content in veins at rest?
15-16 ml O2 per 100 ml blood
What is the oxygen content in veins during intense exercise?
5 ml O2 per 100 ml blood
What is the arterial mixed venous oxygen difference at rest?
4-5 ml O2 per 100 ml blood
What happens to plasma volume with the onset of exercise?
Immediate loss of blood plasma volume to the interstitial fluid space
What is the reduction in plasma volume during prolonged periods of exercise?
10% to 20%
What state is the myocardium in during rest?
Never really in a resting state
What is the oxygen extraction rate of the myocardium at rest?
Around 70%
What is the oxygen extraction rate of skeletal muscles at rest?
25%-30%
How does coronary blood flow change during exercise?
Increases more than threefold
What is the primary mechanism for coronary artery vasodilation during exercise?
Increased metabolic activity of the myocardium
Which substances contribute to vasodilation during exercise?
Adenosine, hydrogen ions, potassium ions, acetylcholine, blood lactate, and hypoxia
What role does the vascular endothelium play in vasodilation?
Produces and releases nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin
True or False: The sympathetic drive has a strong vasodilatory effect on coronary vessels.
False
What compensatory mechanism occurs in patients with left ventricular dysfunction during exercise?
Heart rate rises rapidly to compensate
What should be monitored in patients with heart disease during exercise?
Potential for ischaemic or arrhythmic episodes
Fill in the blank: The coronary arteries vasodilate due to the relaxation of ______.
smooth muscles in the coronary arterioles
What is the consequence of a challenge to the oxygen supply to the heart?
Impaired muscle function (ischaemia and possibly angina symptoms)
What is the effect of exercise on the heart’s oxygen extraction capacity?
Limited increase in extraction rates
What is the effect of damage to the endothelial lining on coronary artery vasodilation?
Coronary artery vasodilation is less responsive than in healthy arteries
This affects the warm-up period for exercise, making it more gradual and prolonged.
What happens to systolic blood pressure in patients with severe heart failure during exercise?
Systolic blood pressure may not rise and may even decrease
This is due to reduced cardiac output.
What is myocardial workload determined by?
The product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure
This is also referred to as the rate pressure product.
What should be done if a patient’s pre-exercise systolic blood pressure is higher than usual?
The training heart rate should be reduced for that particular session
This is important to offset any elevation in blood pressure.
What medications can blunt heart rate and blood pressure responses during exercise?
Beta-blockers and some calcium channel blockers
These medications are commonly prescribed for coronary heart disease patients.
What is the role of sympathetic stimulation during exercise?
It causes vasodilation of blood vessels supplying active tissues
This helps redistribute blood to active skeletal muscle.
What should patients avoid to guard against hypotensive episodes during exercise?
Abrupt changes in position and breath holding
Keeping feet moving helps ensure good venous return.
Why is fluid intake particularly important during exercise for individuals on diuretics?
Reduction in blood plasma volume occurs from the outset of exercise
This makes hydration critical for this population.
What adaptations occur with regular exercise training?
Longer-term cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations
These include functional, structural, and biochemical changes.
What does the effectiveness of exercise prescriptions depend on?
Manipulation of the FITT principle: frequency, intensity, time, and type of training
This is essential for tailoring exercise programs.
What is the relationship between initial fitness and potential for change with exercise training?
The lower the initial fitness, the greater the potential for change
This applies to both men and women, young and old, with and without cardiac disease.
What benefits do both Aerobic Exercise Training (AET) and Resistance Training (RT) offer?
Cardioprotective benefits
A combination of both is suggested for optimal results.
What specific benefit does AET provide for people living with coronary heart disease?
Lowers resting heart rate
This brings additional anti-ischaemic benefits.
What should exercise programming incorporate for patients with coronary heart disease?
RT following FITT principle guidelines and structured progressive AET
This combination is essential for effective management.
What is the primary focus of the data presented?
Blood Pressure Response to Arm & Leg Work
What are the two types of blood pressure measurements shown?
Systolic and Diastolic
What does ‘L-Arm systolic’ refer to?
Systolic blood pressure measurement of the left arm
What does ‘Leg systolic’ refer to?
Systolic blood pressure measurement of the leg
What does ‘Arm diastolic’ refer to?
Diastolic blood pressure measurement of the arm
What does ‘Leg diastolic’ refer to?
Diastolic blood pressure measurement of the leg
What is the relationship between exercise intensity and blood pressure response?
Blood pressure increases with exercise intensity
What physiological measurement is indicated on the x-axis of the graph?
Percentage of VO2 maximum
Fill in the blank: Blood pressure is measured in _______.
mmHg
True or False: The graph displays both arm and leg blood pressure responses.
True
What are the two types of training discussed in the document?
AET (aerobic training) and RT (resistance training)
AET focuses on improving cardiovascular fitness, while RT aims at increasing muscle strength and mass.
What does VOzpeak stand for?
Peak oxygen uptake
VOzpeak is a measure of the maximum amount of oxygen the body can utilize during intense exercise.
What are some whole-body adaptations to aerobic training?
- Muscle strength
- Muscle mass
- Bone mineral density
- VOzpeak
- Physical function
These adaptations enhance overall physical performance and health.
What is the effect of aerobic training on muscle strength?
Increasing effect
Aerobic training can improve muscle strength, although resistance training typically has a more significant impact.
What health risk is associated with Type II diabetes?
Risk of poor glycaemic control
Poor glycaemic control can lead to various complications in individuals with Type II diabetes.
How does resistance training affect bone mineral density?
Increasing effect
Resistance training is particularly beneficial for enhancing bone mineral density.
What factors indicate cardiovascular disease risk?
- Blood pressure
- Blood lipids
- High-density lipoprotein
- Low-density lipoprotein
- Cholesterol
- Triglycerides
Monitoring these factors is crucial for assessing cardiovascular health.
True or False: Aerobic training has a decreasing effect on insulin signaling.
False
Aerobic training typically improves insulin signaling, which is beneficial for metabolic health.
Fill in the blank: The increasing effect of aerobic training on _______ can improve physical function.
VOzpeak
Enhancing VOzpeak contributes to better endurance and overall physical capability.
What adaptation is NOT listed as a response to aerobic training?
Increased muscle mass
While aerobic training can improve muscle strength, resistance training is more effective for increasing muscle mass.
What is the systolic pressure in mm Hg for arms at 50% of max VO2?
175
Systolic pressure values for arms at different percentages of max VO2 were recorded.
What is the systolic pressure in mm Hg for legs at 75% of max VO2?
160
Systolic pressure values for legs at different percentages of max VO2 were recorded.
What is the diastolic pressure in mm Hg for arms at 25% of max VO2?
90
Diastolic pressure values for arms at different percentages of max VO2 were recorded.
What is the diastolic pressure in mm Hg for legs at 50% of max VO2?
73
Diastolic pressure values for legs at different percentages of max VO2 were recorded.
True or False: The systolic pressure for arms increases as the % of max VO2 increases.
True
Systolic pressure for arms shows a clear upward trend with increasing % of max VO2.
Fill in the blank: The diastolic pressure for legs at 75% of max VO2 is ______.
75
This value indicates how diastolic pressure behaves at high exercise intensities.
What is the source of the data regarding intra-arterial blood pressure during exercise?
Astrand, P. O., et al.: Intra-arterial blood pressure during exercise with different muscle groups J. Appl. Physiol., 20:253 1965
This study provides the foundational data for understanding blood pressure responses during exercise.
What does VOmax stand for?
Maximal oxygen uptake
What type of exercise leads to greater increases in VOmax?
Aerobic exercise training (AET)
What is the highest rate of oxygen consumption attainable during maximal or exhaustive exercise called?
VOmax
What percentage increase in VOmax can healthy individuals expect after 12 to 16 weeks of training?
10% to 25%
What two factors determine maximal oxygen uptake?
- Maximum cardiac output
- Maximal ability of active skeletal muscle to extract and utilise oxygen
What is the primary reason for increased maximal cardiac output due to training?
Increased maximal stroke volume
What training-induced changes lead to an increase in left ventricular mass?
- Increased chamber size
- Increased total blood volume
- Reduced total peripheral resistance
What is a common characteristic of cardiac patients regarding training-induced changes?
Lack of evidence of training-induced increases in left ventricle mass and volume
What are the peripheral changes that contribute to increased oxygen extraction and utilization?
- Improved capillarisation
- Increased myoglobin concentration
- Increased number and size of mitochondria
- Increased oxidative enzyme activity
How does improved capillarisation affect muscle blood flow during maximal exercise?
It accommodates increased blood flow without shortening capillary transit time
What type of adaptations are most relevant for cardiac patients?
Adaptations at submaximal levels of exercise
What factors influence training adaptations in individuals with heart disease?
- Severity of disease
- Co-morbidity
- Medication
- Psychological status
- Motivation
What happens to heart rate at rest and during submaximal work after training?
It is lower after training
What is the proposed mechanism behind the reduction in heart rate after training?
Increased parasympathetic activity and reduced sympathetic activity
What is the effect of reduced circulating catecholamines on potential arrhythmias?
It lessens the potential for arrhythmias
Fill in the blank: VOmax is determined centrally by maximum _______ and peripherally by the maximal ability of active skeletal muscle.
cardiac output
True or False: Maximum heart rate changes with training.
False
What happens to stroke volume at rest after training?
Stroke volume increases after training
This increase may result from greater filling of the left ventricle, a greater volume of blood entering the left ventricle, and increased ventricular mass.
What are the factors contributing to increased stroke volume in trained individuals?
- Greater filling of the left ventricle during diastole
- Greater volume of blood entering the left ventricle
- Increased ventricular mass
How does cardiac output change after training at the same exercise intensity?
Cardiac output decreases after training
This is due to increased muscle oxygen extraction and improved oxygen usage economy of the skeletal muscle.
What changes occur to blood pressure as a result of training?
Resting and submaximal blood pressures are reduced
The reduction may be as much as 10 mm Hg for SBP and 8 mm Hg for DBP.
What is the Rate Pressure Product (RPP) and its implication in coronary artery disease?
RPP is reduced during submaximal exercise after training
This reduction benefits symptom control and quality of life for individuals with coronary artery disease.
What is the effect of training on the ischaemic threshold for patients suffering from angina?
The ischaemic threshold is improved
This means patients can perform more work before experiencing angina symptoms.
What occurs to muscle perfusion at rest following training?
Muscle perfusion at rest remains unaltered
However, at a given submaximal workload, blood redistribution to active muscle is reduced.
What is the significance of improved oxygen extraction by active skeletal muscle after training?
More oxygen is extracted from each 100 millilitres of blood flowing through active skeletal muscle
The difference in oxygen content before and after training is greater.
What happens to plasma volume after approximately 5 training sessions?
There is a significant increase in plasma volume
This enhances oxygen transport and temperature regulation.
How does coronary blood flow improve as a result of training?
The reduction in heart rate leads to an extended period of diastole
This improves myocardial perfusion since blood flow to the left ventricle occurs during diastole.
Fill in the blank: Following training, the reduction in heart rate and blood pressure at any specified workload allows for a delayed _______.
ischaemic threshold
What effect does training have on blood pressure?
Blood pressure is reduced
Training is effective in lowering blood pressure as part of modifying CAD risk factors.
How does training affect total cholesterol levels?
Total cholesterol is reduced; the effect is enhanced by concomitant weight/body fat reduction
A reduction in total cholesterol is more pronounced when combined with weight loss.
What change occurs in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol due to training?
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is increased
Increased HDL is beneficial for cardiovascular health.
How does training influence glucose metabolism?
Glucose metabolism is improved with an increased sensitivity to insulin
Enhanced insulin sensitivity is crucial for managing blood sugar levels.
What happens to fibrinolytic activity with training?
Fibrinolytic activity is increased with a reduction in platelet ‘stickiness’
Improved fibrinolytic activity helps in reducing clot formation.
What is the impact of training on body fat?
Body fat is lost without loss of lean body mass, thereby preserving resting metabolic rate
Maintaining lean mass while losing fat is vital for metabolic health.
List the benefits of resistance training (RT) on chronic disease.
- Improved body composition
- Improved blood lipid profile and vascular function
- Improved blood pressure
- Improved immune system function
- Improved blood glucose and insulin sensitivity
- Increased muscle mass and strength
- Improved physical function and mobility
- Greater oxidative capacity
These benefits highlight the role of RT in countering age-related chronic diseases.
What is the increase in coronary blood flow during vigorous exercise?
4-6 times above resting levels
This increase is essential for meeting the heightened metabolic demands of the body during exercise.
What are the three main mechanisms responsible for the increase in coronary blood flow during exercise?
- Coronary arteries vasodilate
- Increased metabolic activity through metabolic by-products
- Endothelial vasodilators (e.g. nitric oxide)
- Increased sympathetic activity (to a lesser degree)
These mechanisms work together to enhance blood flow to the heart muscle.
What role do metabolic by-products play in coronary blood flow during exercise?
They stimulate vasodilation of coronary arteries
Increased metabolic activity during exercise leads to the accumulation of these by-products, which promote blood flow.
True or False: Increased sympathetic activity is a primary mechanism for increased coronary blood flow during vigorous exercise.
False
Increased sympathetic activity plays a role, but it is to a lesser degree compared to other mechanisms.
Fill in the blank: During vigorous exercise, coronary arteries _______ to increase blood flow.
vasodilate
This vasodilation is crucial for accommodating the increased demand for oxygen and nutrients by the heart.
What is the primary endothelial vasodilator mentioned in the mechanisms of increased coronary blood flow?
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide is a key factor in promoting vasodilation and enhancing blood flow during exercise.
What are the acute responses of individuals with CHD compared to a healthy population?
Generally the same, but altered responses in specific areas.
What happens to heart rate in individuals with impaired LV function?
Heart rate rises.
What is the response of systolic blood pressure in individuals with impaired LV function?
Systolic blood pressure fails to rise.
What condition affects the endothelial lining in individuals with CHD?
Damaged endothelial lining.
Name two types of medication used for individuals with CHD.
- Beta blockers
- Ivabradine
- Calcium channel blockers
What is the effect of endurance training on submaximal heart rate?
Submaximal heart rate decreases with endurance training
This indicates improved cardiovascular efficiency.
What does the graph depict regarding heart rate and speed?
The graph shows heart rate decreasing as speed increases post-training
Pre-training heart rates are higher at the same speeds.
What is the range of heart rates depicted in the graph?
The heart rate ranges from 60 to 180 beats per minute
This range illustrates varying levels of exertion.
Fill in the blank: The heart rate during submaximal exercise ______ after endurance training.
decreases
True or False: Endurance training does not affect heart rate during submaximal exercise.
False
What is the significance of a decrease in submaximal heart rate?
It indicates improved cardiovascular fitness and efficiency
A lower heart rate at the same workload suggests better heart function.
What happens to coronary supply when heart rate is reduced for a given workload?
Coronary supply is increased due to increased diastolic filling time.
This is important for heart health as it allows more blood to flow to the heart muscle during relaxation.
How does a reduced heart rate affect myocardial workload?
Myocardial workload is reduced, resulting in a lower rate-pressure product (RPP) for the same activity.
Lower RPP indicates less oxygen demand from the heart.
What are the key benefits of a lowered heart rate for a given workload?
Key benefits include:
* Increased coronary supply
* Reduced myocardial workload
These benefits contribute to overall cardiovascular efficiency.
What is the effect of aerobic endurance training on blood pressure?
Aerobic endurance training can lower both SBP and DBP by as much as 10 mmHg
SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure
How does a reduction in blood pressure affect myocardial workload?
If blood pressure is reduced, myocardial workload is also reduced, resulting in a lower RPP for the same activity
RPP = Rate Pressure Product, an indicator of myocardial oxygen demand
What does SBP stand for?
Systolic Blood Pressure
What does DBP stand for?
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Fill in the blank: Aerobic endurance training can lower both _______ and _______ by as much as 10 mmHg.
[SBP], [DBP]
True or False: Aerobic endurance training has no effect on myocardial workload.
False
What is the significance of a lower RPP during activity?
It indicates reduced myocardial workload for the same level of activity
Lower RPP signifies that the heart is working less hard, which can be beneficial for cardiovascular health.
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Artery, Capillary, Vein
What is the normal oxygen content in blood?
20 ml O2 per 100 ml blood
What is the a-vO2 difference in blood?
4-5 ml O2 per 100 ml blood
What is the maximum oxygen content in blood?
15-16 ml O2 per 100 ml blood
What changes occur in slow twitch fibers due to adaptations?
Increase in size and number
What is improved in muscle adaptations?
Capillarisation
What increases in muscle adaptations related to oxygen storage?
Myoglobin
What increases in number and size as a muscle adaptation?
Mitochondria
What enzyme activity increases due to muscle adaptations?
Oxidative enzyme activity
What is the effect of endurance training on VO₂ max?
Endurance training results in an increase in VO₂ max.
What are the peripheral changes that affect VO₂ max?
Peripheral changes are determined by the maximal ability of active skeletal muscle to extract and utilize more oxygen.
What are the central changes that affect VO₂ max?
Central changes are determined by maximum cardiac output.
Why are central changes less relevant for CVD patients?
Central changes are less relevant for CVD patients.
What is a key point regarding submaximal activity in CVD patients?
Submaximal activity will result in less physiological stress on the heart.
What is the primary reason for the significant increase in maximum cardiac output?
An increased stroke volume rather than increased heart rate
This increase is attributed to several physiological changes.
List the factors contributing to the increased stroke volume.
- A training-induced increase in left ventricular mass and chamber size
- An increase in total blood volume
- A reduction in total peripheral resistance at maximal exercise
These factors enhance the heart’s efficiency during exercise.
True or False: An increased heart rate is the main contributor to the increase in maximum cardiac output.
False
The increase in maximum cardiac output is primarily due to an increase in stroke volume.
Fill in the blank: The significant increase in maximum cardiac output is primarily due to an increased _______.
[stroke volume]
What does a training-induced increase in left ventricular mass and chamber size lead to?
Increased stroke volume
This adaptation allows the heart to pump more blood with each beat.
What is the effect of exercise training on blood pressure?
Blood pressure is reduced
This is one of the key benefits of exercise training in modifying coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors.
How does exercise training affect total cholesterol levels?
Total cholesterol is reduced
Lowering total cholesterol is crucial in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease.
What change occurs in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol due to exercise?
High density lipoprotein cholesterol is increased
Higher HDL levels are associated with a lower risk of heart disease.
Fill in the blank: Exercise training improves glucose metabolism with an increased sensitivity to _______.
insulin
What effect does exercise training have on fibrinolytic activity?
Fibrinolytic activity is increased with a reduction in platelet ‘stickiness’
This reduction helps in preventing blood clots, which can lead to heart attacks.
What happens to body fat as a result of exercise training?
Body fat is lost without loss of lean body mass
Preserving lean body mass helps maintain a healthy resting metabolic rate.
True or False: Exercise training can lead to a decrease in resting metabolic rate.
False
Exercise helps preserve resting metabolic rate by maintaining lean body mass.
