Exercise Interventions at the Group and Community Level Flashcards
What are the levels at which physical activity interventions can be aimed?
- Individual
- Interpersonal
- Environment
- Regional or National policy
- Global
What variables can be affected at an interpersonal level to promote physical activity?
- Social support from friends, family and work
- Changing cultural norms and practices
What 3 main variables can be affected at an environmental level to promote physical activity?
- Social environment
- Built environment
- Natural environment
What ways can affecting the social environment have impact on physical activity?
- Behavioural modelling through seeing others be active
- Reducing crime, traffic, incivilities may increase time spent outdoors
- Organisational practices (e.g. bike to work schemes)
What variables in the ‘built environment’ impact on physical activity?
- Community design/Neighbourhood Walkabiltiy
- Public transport
- Parks and recreation facilities
- Aesthetics and pleasantness
- Walking/cycling facilities
- Building location and design
- Pedestrian safety/crossings
What impact does the natural environment have on physical activity?
- Vegetation, topography, weather
- National parks, trails, walking routes
What sectors of regional/national policy can be targeted to affect physical activity?
- Transport system
- Urban planning and architecture
- Parks and Recreation sector
- Health sector
- Education and schools sector
- Organised sport sector
- National physical activity plans/advocacy
- Corporate Sector
What variables on a global level affect physical activity?
- Economic development
- Global media
- Global product marketing
- Urbanisation
- Global advocacy
- Social cultural norms
What are the pros of group and community approaches for exercise/physical activity?
- Social support
- Can introduce competition
- Wider reach
- Better cost-effectiveness
- Often have a ‘captive audience’
What are the cons of group and community approaches to exercise/physical activity?
- Hard to tailor to individual needs
- Less intensive, tends to have lower individual impact
- Need to overcome social anxiety
- Managing group dynamics
What is the conclusion of Burke et al 2006?
Increased social support and/or contact from other participants and researchers is associated with greater beneficial effects
What is the conclusion of Harden et al. 2015?
The positive effect of group based physical activity interventions is pervasive across populations and settings
What are the factors influencing adherence to community based group exercise inventions, according to Farrance et al 2016?
- Programme design
- Individual’s behaviour
- Social connectedness
- Perceived benefits
- Empowering effects
- Instructor behaviour
What are the aspects of programme design that can be changed to affect program adherence in group exercise interventions according to Farrance et al 2016?
- Location
- Individual adaptability
- Affordability
Outline a list of example guidelines for the designer/instructor of a group exercise intervention for over 70s to ensure adherence
- Educational content about physical and mental benefits
- Be friendly and enthusiastic
- Tailor activities to individuals capabilities
- Give feedback in a supportive manner
- Encourage interaction among group members (e.g. activities in pairs)
- Ensure sessions are at convenient times, check local transport timetables, encourage care sharing
What is the problem of designing community interventions?
What defines a community? People may be in multiple communities
Quote Cale and Harris 2006 about schools role in physical activity promotion
“[School is] the primary institution with responsibility for promoting activity in young people”
What are the proposed benefits of school based community interventions?
- Reach: access to almost all children
- 40% of children’s waking time is spent in school
- PE classes are ideal opportunity to educate and provide opportunities for exercise/activity
- Sustained exposure to health messages and expertise
What are the results of Dobbins et al. 2013 investigating the effectiveness of school-based interventions?
Positive effects on duration of MVPA, television viewing, and VO2max, no impact on BP, HR and BMI.
What are the results of Lai et al 2014 investigating the effectiveness of school-based interventions
- 10/13 studies found sustained effect on PA
- 2 out of 2 studies reported improvement in fundamental movement skills
- mean differences of between 3-14m/day PA
What are the most effective PA interventions in school according to McDonald 2018?
- Active travel and active classroom breaks most effective
- PE, after school and breaktime interventions less effective
What was the Move to Improve intervention by Dishman et al 2009?
- 12 week long
- Individual goal setting, gradual increases in 10 minute bouts of MVPA and step counts
- Team goals: 75% of team reaching 150m/week MVPA and/or 10k steps/day
- Incentives
- Senior management endorsement
- Environmental prompts/education
What were the results of Dishman et al 2009 Move to Improve program?
Proportion of group meeting PA guidelines increased from 31 to 51%
What was the active commuting intervention by Brockman and Fox 2011?
- Increased parking charge
- Better bike storage and changing facilities
- Subsidised bike purchase scheme
- Car sharing
- Free university bus and subsidised city bus passes
- Bristol council reduced availability of non-resident permits
what were the results of the community activity intervention by Brockman and Fox 2011?
- Walking to work, from 19 to 30%
- Biking to work from 7 to 12%
- Car to work from 50 to 33%
What are the main drawbacks of PA interventions from an employer perspective?
- Safety concerns of biking to work
- Not a businesses responsbility
- Might be seen as a cost saving initiative and taken negatively
What are the main drawbacks of designing wider community interventions?
- More gatekeepers to get on board
- Higher initial cost
- Harder to evaluate
Whart was the ‘10,000 steps rockhampton’ program?
A program aiming to increase physical activity in the adult population of Rockhampton Australia
What were the downstream aspects of 10k Rockhampton program?
- Promotion of PA by health professionals
- Promotion material and training in PA counselling
What were the midstream aspects of the 10k Rockhampton program?
- Maintain the brand ‘10k steps’
- Print, radio, tv campaign
- newsletters
What were the upstream aspects of the 10k Rockhampton?
- Repairing key footpaths
- Erecting 10k steps signs
- Distributing maps to encourage walking
What were the results of the 10k Rockhampton intervention on proportion of individuals meeting PA guidelines?
Males decreased (but less than compared to other city) and females increased. On average, still mean increase
What were the results of the 10k Rockhampton intervention on proportion of individuals taking part in vigorous activity?
Males slight increase, females large increase. Overall moderate increase. Compared town of Mackay decreased overall in the same time frame
What advice is given by Mummery and Brown, 2008 on designing wider community PA interventions?
- Involve the community in planning and implementation
- Seek support form public, private and commercial sectors, not just health/PA sectors
- Build relationships with those involved in the project
- Utilise a range of different communication methods
