Exercise Dependency Flashcards
What is exercise dependency? (ED) Give reference
A multidimensional maladaptive pattern of physical activity that leads to signficiant impairment or distress (Hausenblaus and Symons-Downs 2002)
What are the diagnostic criteria for ED according to Hausenblaus and Symons-Downs 2002?
- Increased tolerance to PA
- Withdrawal effects
- Intention effects: over-exercising
- Lack of control
- Time effects
- Reduction in social and vocational activities
- Continuance despite illness/injury
What are the warning signs for ED according to Hausenblaus and Symons-Downs 2002?
- Significant weight loss
- Marked increases in exercise behaviour
- Preoccupation with exercise and diet
- Calorie counting
- Exercise more after eating more
- Can’t sit still or relax
What are the physical risks of ED?
- Muscle and joint damage
- Muscle retardation
- Dehydration or exhaustion
- Stroke
- Immunodeficiency
- Amenorrhea
What are the characteristics of Primary ED/ED1? give reference
Bamber et al 2000:
- Exercise for intrinsic reasons
- Preoccupation with exercise not accounted for by mental disorder
- Preoccupation causes physical social or vocational impairment
What are the characteristics of Secondary ED/ED2? give reference
Bamber et al 2002
- Exercise is secondary to pathological preoccupation with body, eating disorder or athletic performance
- Exercise used to control weight, punish or enhance performance
- Exercise behaviour/effects are extremely salient
- Low physical concept and self esteem
What is ‘Bigorexia’?
Another form of ED2
- Preoccupation with improving appearance through gains in muscle mass
- Inability to control behaviour even when injured
- Frequent steroid/supplement use
What do sufferers of ‘bigorexia’ type ED2 typically have? give reference
Olivardia et al 2000
- Low self esteem, low body satisfaction; body dysmorphia
- Eating disorders; anxiety, mood disturbances
- Experienced father-mother violence
What did Hausenblaus and Symons-Downs 2002 find about the prevalence of ED in college campuses?
- 3-13% at risk of ED
- 40% symptomatic non-ED
- Actual prevalence of at risk ED in gen pop is less than 1-2%
What did McNamara and McCabe 2012 find about the prevalence of ED in elite australian athletes?
34% at risk for ED. Those at risk had higher BMI, maladaptive exercise beliefs, reported high pressure and lower social support
What are the proposed explanations for ED and who proposed them?
Hamer et al 2007:
- Personality traits
- Anorexia analogue
- Affect-regulation
- Psychobiological mechanisms
What are the predisposing traits in the personality trait theory of ED? (Hausenblaus et al 2004 ) (Costa and Oliva 2012 **) (Costa et al 2016 **)
- Neuroticism/Trait Anxiety *, **
- Extroversion *, **
- Agreeableness *,**
- Low Self esteem
- Maladaptive perfectionism/obsessive-compulsiveness ***
- Preference for intense activitiies
What is the relationship between ED and internet use? Reference
Quesnel et al 2017 found ‘Problematic Internet Use’ to predict low body satisfaction, appearance comparison, drive for thinness. College girls at risk for ED present higher PUI scores and negative affect
What did Magee et al 2016 find about ED in iron man athletes?
30% at risk or symptomatic, scoring higher in psychological stress, lack of control, tolerance, withdrawal, intention and time effects
What is the difference between ED1 and ED2 in practice according to Bamber et al 2000?
ED2 reported higher levels of psychological morbidity, neuroticism, dispositional addictiveness, impulsiveness, social dysfunction, but lower self esteem, while ED1 indistinguishable from control
