Exercise Affect and Emotions (Week 3) Flashcards
why care about affect, mood, and emotion? (3 points)
- many models are social/cognitive in nature and assume we are rational decision makers
- however, studies have shown that people’s beliefs about the importance of activity don’t align with their actual behaviour
- models assume that if we all have the required info, we will make a rational decision to be active
state what it is meant by the key term - ‘affect’
a general feeling state across two dimensions: valance (pleasure - displeasure) and arousal (high arousal - sleep)
state 2 facts about ‘affect’
- easier to study, but over simplistic, does not provide much insight when examining emotional or mood disorders
- domain general and not domain specific (e.g. - excitement playing sport wold be the same as excitement one would experience playing a video game)
how do affective states arise ? (Ponser et al., 2005)
affective states arise from cognitive interpretations of core neural sensations - discrete independent neural systems underlie every emotion (Posner et al., 2005)
state what it is meant by the key term - ‘emotions’
emotions are brief, specific affective states that occur in response to events:
- adaptive functions
- survival (e.g. - disgust)
- social communication
- innate, yet socially manipulated
state what it is meant by the key term - ‘mood’
mood is an enduring feeling state accompanied with the anticipation of pleasure or pain
state 2 descriptive facts about mood
- complex: influenced by temperament, traits and emotions
2. impacts behaviour and cognitions
who did a study on ‘POMS in Regular Runners’ ?
(Morgan., 1977)
what was the study design of ‘POMS in Regular Runners’ ? (Morgan., 1977)
- which psychological factors are useful in categorising the marathon runner
- world class athletes (n = 19) and a group of college middle distance runners n = 8)
state the 3 findings to - ‘POMS in Regular Runners’ (Morgan., 1977)
- elite runner affect consistently superior
- don’t differ from general population in personality traits (enduring qualities)
- affective profile (states) reflect the consequence of involvement in distance running, not an antecedent or selection factor
what are affective responses ? (2 points)
Ekkekakis et al., 2005
- affective responses are manifestations of psychological mechanisms
- people with these adaptations are more likely to stay in the gene pool (pleasure = utility; displeasure = danger)
adaptational significance varies by the intensity (3 points):
(Ekkekakis et al., 2005)
- moderate (e.g. - hunter gatherer/endurance) = always adaptive
- heavy (e.g. - hunting) = variable
- severe (e.g. - running away from danger) = maladaptive
who’s study did you look at on to come up with the ‘most popular mood managing strategies’?
(Thayer et al., 1994)
what was the study design by (Thayer et al., 1994) on the ‘most popular mood managing strategies’?
study 1 looked at methods people use to control mood
study 2, with a larger sample size, examined sex and age-related differences in strategy use
> 100 male and female adults (study 1) then > 300 (study 2)
state, in order, the top 6 mood managing strategies found by (Thayer et al., 1994)
- exercise
- listening to music
- speaking to a friend
- tending to chores
- rest or sleep
- reframing
state 2 mood benefits of exercise
US Surgeon General., 2000; Department of Health., 2010
regular activity can reduce depression and anxiety; improves general mood
as little as a 10-15-min walk can induce positive mood changes
what did you look at, and who by, about green exercise?
a meta analysis of green/blue exercise studies
Barton & Pretty., 2010
what were the 3 main results found by (Barton & Pretty., 2010) on ‘Green Exercise’?
(3 points)
outdoor exercise benefits self esteem and mood
presence of water generated the greatest effect on studies outcomes
mood benefits are greater for short durations, light/vigorous exercise, and Middle aged individuals
who’s study did we look at on the ‘acute effects of exercise’?
A meta-analysis of exercise/mood research (Yeung., 1996)
state 3 findings by (Yeung., 1996) on the Meta-analysis done on the ‘acute effects of exercise’
benefits observed in 85% of studies
results conclusive in clinical and non-clinical settings
weakest in stricter studies (e.g. - RCT’s)
greatest effect in self-selected exercise
effect doesn’t vary by demographic
negative effect for pregnant people, hot conditions, or intense exercise
what study did you look at on walking and mood?
‘Is Walking Enough?’ (Edwards & Loprinzi., 2018)
what was the study design of:
‘Is Walking Enough?’ (Edwards & Loprinzi., 2018)
participants (n = 66) randomly assigned to walk, meditate, or sit for 10 minutes
POMS was measured before and after activity
what were the findings of:
‘Is Walking Enough?’ (Edwards & Loprinzi., 2018)
no real change in control groups over time
POMS scores improved in both walking and meditating groups
fatigue dec^ from baseline to post-intervention in exercise and meditation groups
POMS scores only significantly improved in meditation groups
what study did you look at called:
‘Training and Mood Gains: Impact of Chronic Exercise on Mood’
(McDonald & Hodgdon., 1991)
a meta-analysis
what was the study design to the study done by (McDonald & Hodgdon., 1991):
‘Training and Mood Gains: Impact of Chronic Exercise on Mood’
looked at 26 training load modalities
looked at experimental and non-experimental designs
training defined in terms of fitness gains, exercise history, and programme completion
POMS used
what was the result from the study done by (McDonald 7 Hodgdon., 1991):
‘Training and Mood Gains: Impact of Chronic Exercise on Mood’
found that there was a statistically significant difference between POMS scores of LT exercisers new exercisers finding that LT exercisers had better POMS scores on average
state 5 ‘Limitations of Mood/Exercise Research’
Caron et al., 2003
- inconsistency in concepts and measures
- dose-response issues
- individual response differences
- expectancy and cohort effects
- ecological validity (lab vs outdoors)
explain the following limitation of mood research stated by (Caron et al., 2003):
‘inconsistency in concepts and methods’
different papers are using terms interchangeably. need to have a set definition of terms to make papers and findings comparable
explain the following limitation of mood research stated by (Caron et al., 2003):
‘dose-response issues’
what are the doses that are required that will lead to mood changes - how can you compare mood studies?
explain the following limitation of mood research stated by (Caron et al., 2003):
‘individual response differences’
different people have their own opinions and own mood states
explain the following limitation of mood research stated by (Caron et al., 2003):
‘expectancy and cohort effects’
people that take part in studies are more likely to be people who feel good and are often exercising. is this applicable to the general population?
explain the following limitation of mood research stated by (Caron et al., 2003):
‘ecological validity (lab vs outdoors)
is it done within a lab or is it done in the real world ? - hard to measure in the real world, but no ecological validity if done in the lab
what are the possible explanations for the ‘mechanisms of change’?
- mastery hypothesis
- distraction hypothesis
- thermogenic hypothese
- endorphin hypothesis
- activation of the frontal cortex
what study did you look at of the effect of brain activity and affect during exercise ?
‘exercise dose-response effect on frontal EEG asymmetry’ (Woo et al., 2009)
what was the study design to:
‘Brain Activity and Affect During Exercise’ (Woo et al., 2009)
assessed psychophysiological responses relating to psychological states after exercise
female undergraduate students (n = 16, VO2 max = 36 ml/kg/min-1, aged 19-23)
measured frontal EEG asymmetry and self reported responses using POMS
assessed at rest and different exercise durations (rest, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min)
state the results from the first figure in the study:
‘Brain Activity and Affect During Exercise’ (Woo et al., 2009)
- 30 minutes showed the ‘optimal’ amount of vigour
2. too much duration causes an ‘inverted U’ effect with relation to vigour
what did figure 2 display in the study:
‘Brain Activity and Affect During Exercise’ (Woo et al., 2009)
looked at how exercise effected alpha, beta, and theta brain waves
saw it corresponds with self-reported scales (greater asymmetry between left and right = greater ‘approach behaviour’)
what is the takeaway from the study:
‘Brain Activity and Affect During Exercise’ (Woo et al., 2009)
adds credibility to the POMS measures
can use POMS reliably in real world; cheaper than EEG; easier than EEG
we are looking at subjective mood states, should we waste resources looking at the physiology behind it?
who did the following study:
‘Exercise-Mood Paradox’?
‘Exercise-Mood Paradox’ (Hardy & Rejeski., 1989)
if exercising makes us feel better, why aren’t we all exercising? (3 points)
‘Exercise-Mood Paradox’ (Hardy & Rejeski., 1989)
- increasing negative and variable effects at high intensities
- affect during and post exercise can vary
- different pathways (maintenance and rebound) explain affect post exercise
what was the study design to the following study?
‘Exercise-Mood Paradox’ (Hardy & Rejeski., 1989)
30 undergrad males - VO2 max of 50 ml/kg/min-1
cycle ergometers at inc^ intensity (30, 60, 90% VO2 Max) in 4 minute bouts
feeling scale (FS) (- 5 = very bad, + 5 = very good) and RPE assessed during task
what were the results of the study:
‘Exercise-Mood Paradox’ (Hardy & Rejeski., 1989)
RPE and FS moderately related, but only at easy and hard workloads
FS may vary as metabolic demands are increased, and RPE had stronger ties to physiologic cues than responses to FS
state 2 issues with the following study:
‘Exercise-Mood Paradox’ (Hardy & Rejeski., 1989)
- People are focusing on the exercise and not necessarily the responses
- can only do this in the lab due to the study design
who came up with the ‘Maintenance and Rebound Models’?
(Bixby et al., 2002)
explain, briefly, the graphs of maintenance and rebound models proposed by (Bixby., 2002)
maintenance - you start at baseline, start to feel better as you exercise, maintain feel-good feeling after exercise
rebound - baseline before, feel awful when doing exercise, massive increase in mood post exercise
explain the study design to the following:
‘Maintenance and Rebound Models’ (Bixby et al., 2002)
27 college students on cycle ergometer
exercised above and below lactate threshold
baseline 15 min, exercise 30 min, rest 30 min
completed ‘PANAS’ (positive and negative effect schedule) and ‘VAMS’ (visual analogue of mood states)
what were the findings to the following study:
‘Maintenance and Rebound Models’ (Bixby et al., 2002)
1) both groups had similar moods both pre and post exercise using the PANAS and VAMS measures
2) intra-workout, the low intensity group felt above their baseline scores (increased mood)
3) intra-workout, the high intensity group felt worse than baseline during exercise (worse mood)
who came up with the following study:
‘Affect during/post exercise on future PA’
‘Affect during/post exercise on future PA’ (Rhodes & Kates., 2015)
a systematic review (n = 24)
what were the findings to the following study:
‘Affect during/post exercise on future PA’ (Rhodes & Kates., 2015)
- effect during, not post, predicted future PA
- exercise below ventilatory threshold (VT) predicts future PA engagement
- mechanisms of this effect (intensions/self-efficacy) remain unclear
- the findings support the basic premise of the Hedonic theory
who came up with the following study:
‘Anticipated Affect - prompts for exercise mood effects’
‘Anticipated Affect - prompts for exercise mood effects’
Kwan et al., 2016
what were the findings from the following study:
‘Anticipated Affect - prompts for exercise mood effects’
Kwan et al., 2016
- anticipated affect (+/-) impacts affect experienced during exercise and post exercise fatigue
- experienced affect predicts intentions to exercise
- recall affect predicts the actual engagement in future exercise
who came up with the following study:
‘Changing Anticipated Affect’
‘Changing Anticipated Affect’ (Kwan et al., 2016)
what is the study design for the following:
‘Changing Anticipated Affect’ (Kwan et al., 2016)
- participants (n = 98) randomly assigned to 3 groups:
1) neg anticipated effect (NAA) manipulation
2) positive anticipated affect (PAA) manipulation
3) control (no manipulation)
- 30 min bout on treadmill below VT threshold
- completed every day for 1 week
- measured differences in affect, intentions and behaviour across scenarios
what were the results to the following study:
‘Changing Anticipated Affect’ (Kwan et al., 2016)
- manipulation influenced anticipated and experienced affective responses, not behaviour
- expected exercise to be less pleasant than it was
- anticipated, experienced and recalled affects were all associated with intentions to exercise
what is the take home from the following study:
‘Changing Anticipated Affect’ (Kwan et al., 2016)
encourages exercisers to focus on the positive affect outcomes of exercise as it can yield a more positive experience than those who focus on negative/no effect outcomes
state, and explain, 3 limitations to the following study:
‘changing anticipated effect’ (Kwan et al., 2016)
1) relatively small sample size (n = 98)
2) sampled for convenience - volunteers were probably pro exercise on mood benefits anyway
3) relatively short 7-day exercise prescription and follow up period - thought that the manipulation effect would wear off after 7 days
state, and explain, some future research recommendations from the following study:
‘changing anticipated effect’ (Kwan et al., 2016)
1) if anticipated affective responses to exercise have a causal adoption and adherence to an exercise programme, future research should look at whether affective responses to exercise can be trained over time
2) future research should also look at more intense interventions with longer follow-up periods as well as greater affect manipulations
