Affective Reflective Theory - ART (Week 3)

Question 1

who came up with Affective Reflective Theory (ART) ?

Answer 1

(Brand & Ekkekakis., 2017)

Question 2

state what it is meant by the key term - Affective Reflective Theory (ART)

Answer 2

ART aims to explain and predict behaviour in situations in which people wither remain in a state of physical inactivity or innate action (Brand & Ekkekakis., 2018)

Question 3

explain what it is meant when the ART is referred to as a ‘duel-process model’ (2 points)

Answer 3

• exercise related stimuli trigger automatic associations and a resulting ‘affective automatic valuation’ for exercise (T1 process)
• that forms the basis for ‘reflective evaluation’ (T2 process) which can dominate if self-control resources are available

Question 4

‘automatic affective valuation’ results in action impulses and ‘reflective valuation’ results in action plans, what occurs with these two ? (2 points)

Answer 4

• they are in constant interaction

- they direct the individual towards or away from behaviour

Question 5

what does ART predict ?

Answer 5

ART predicts that, when there is an affective-reflective discrepancy, and self-control resources are low, behaviour is more likely to be governed by affective T1 processes

Question 6

what was the main factor leading to the development of ART (Brand & Ekkekakis., 2017)

Answer 6

1) Field Theory (Lewin., 1943)

2) Force Field Analysis (Lewin., 1951)

Question 7

what did (Lewin., 1943; 1951) propose about behaviour models ?

Answer 7

(Lewin., 1943; 1951) proposed that, in order to accurately explain behaviour, psychological models must first consider the exact moment in which behaviour occurs

Question 8

in general sense, what is ‘Field Theory’ (Lewin., 1943)

Answer 8

a behaviour model which states that ‘forces’ and ‘tensions’ force us into action (Lewin., 1943)

had 3 assumptions

Question 9

what are the 3 assumptions of ‘Field Theory’ ? (Lewin., 1943)

Answer 9

1) behaviour is a consequence of the totality of the surrounding situation
2) the situation can be described in terms of fundamentally interrelated factors that constitutes a dynamic field
3) the dynamic field has more influence than previous experiences or future desires

Question 10

what is the influence of ‘needs’ in ‘Field Theory’ (Lewin., 1943)

Answer 10

the individual’s needs release energy which transform ‘regions’ into ‘tension systems’ which gives rise to intensions and intentional actions (which are governed by your needs and goals)

Question 11

what is the effect of ‘Vectors’ in ‘Field Theory’ (Lewin., 1943)

(4 points)

Answer 11

1) vectors determine the direction of movement through a psychological environment
2) towards (positive valence) or repulse (negative valence)
3) typically, 2 vectors act on a system at a time keeping it in equilibrium
4) locomotion arises from an interaction between 2 forces

Question 12

what are the 3 steps of ‘Force Field Analysis’ (Lewin., 1951)

Answer 12

1) identify and ‘unfreeze’ driving and restraining forces
2) transition occurs by increasing driving forces and/or decreasing restraining forces to create an in-balance of forces
3) must then ‘refreeze’ to bring them back into equilibrium

Question 13

state 1 random fact about the ‘Force Field Analysis’ model

Answer 13

the closer the present state is to the desired state, the easier that behaviour change will be

Question 14

explain the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 processes (Evans., 2008)

Answer 14

T1) fast, automatic, minimal cognitive resources and effort (Evans., 2008)

T2) slower, reflective, takes more controlled reasoning (Evans., 2008)

Question 15

explain the process through the ART model (Brand & Ekkekakis., 2018)

Answer 15

1) focus on moment stimuli occur
2) external stimuli (e.g. - advise) and internal stimuli (e.g. - remembering advise) trigger automatic associations related to stimuli
3) the AAV serves as a basis for reflective valuation (using encoded affect and cognition)
4) coded response results in action plan
5) action plan and action impulse can be concordant or discrepant
6) the availability of self-control resources determine whether the predominant influence on behaviour will be T1 or T2 processes

Question 16

state what it is meant by the key term - affective valuation

Answer 16

spontaneously assigning to a stimulus a positive or negative value. has both a somatic (e.g. - pain) and social (e.g. - embarrassment) component

(Brand & Ekkekakis., 2018)

Question 17

why is a T2 process different from a T1 process

Brand & Ekkekakis., 2018

Answer 17

cognitive appraisal AND involvement of prefrontal pathways

Question 18

talk about positive and negative AAV’s of a situation

Answer 18

the more or less pleasurable a state given by the AAV may not reach conscious awareness (Strack & Deutsch., 2004) and is directly linked to a discrete approach or avoidance impulse via the behaviour implied by the stimulus (Chen & Bargh., 1999)

Question 19

state 3 facts of what a T2 process is using 3 points

Answer 19

T2 processes are subject to the availability of self-control resources (Hofmann et al., 2008)

a slower and more effortful process

more consciously monitored (Strack & Deutsch., 2004)

Question 20

how are T2 processes derived, and what do they require ? (2 points)

Answer 20

connections are derived from previous experiences and mental stimulation (e.g. - beliefs)

higher level cognitive operations contribute to the process

Question 21

explain how the ART model can be referred to as a feedback loop (4 points)

Answer 21

T1 and T2 processes are interconnected (Bechara., 2005)

first, automatic associations are retrieved from learned exercise pleasure/displeasure

second, every activation of an association leaves traces in the association network (Strack & Deutsch., 2004)

third, the more traces of that association, the more likely the automatic affective valuation comes out with that association as a ‘first response’

Question 22

state a final fact about action impulses and action plans

Answer 22

there can only be one action impulse whereas there can be multiple action plans