Exercise 5 - Attitudes and Movements Flashcards
1
Q
Definitions - Attitude
A
- Aircraft’s orientation/position in space
- Horizon will be the reference point
2
Q
Definitions - Axis
A
- Reference lines around which the aircraft can rotate independently
3
Q
Definitions - Horizon
A
- Visible line between ground and sky in the distance
4
Q
Definitions - Movement
A
- Aircraft rotation about one of the axes, relative to the pilot
5
Q
Definitions - Pitch
A
- Movement around the lateral axis
- Controlled by the elevator
6
Q
Definitions - Roll
A
- Movement around the longitudinal axis
- Controlled by ailerons
7
Q
Definitions - Yaw
A
- Movement around vertical axis
- Controlled by the rudder
8
Q
Attitudes - Cruise Attitude
A
- All other attitudes are named relative to this one
- Used for getting from Point A to B
- Ground fills 1/3 of windscreen, sky fills 2/3
- Horizon is level
- Wingtips are equidistant from horizon
- Wing looks roughly level
9
Q
Attitudes - Nose Down Attitude
A
- Used for Descending
- Normal Range is 0-10 degrees
- Ground fills more than a 1/3 of the windscreen
- Horizon is level
- Wingtips are equidistant from horizon
- Wing looks slightly tilted forward compared to cruise, can be very subtle
10
Q
Attitudes - Nose Up Attitude
A
- Used for Climbing
- Normal Range is 0-10 degrees
- Sky fills most of the windscreen, cowl may be on horizon but depends on steepness
- Horizon is level
- Wingtips are equidistant from horizon
- Wing is angled up compared to cruise
11
Q
Attitudes - Banked Attitude
A
- Used for Turning
- Normal Range is 0-30 degrees
- Horizon is angled across the windscreen
- Wingtips are no longer equidistant, with one below the horizon and the other above the horizon
12
Q
Attitudes - Combination Attitudes
A
- Horizon is angled across the wind screen
- Nose is above or below horizon
13
Q
Movements - Pitch
A
- Movement about the lateral axis
- Controlled by the elevator
- Used to move between cruise and nose up/down and combination attitudes
14
Q
Movements - Roll
A
- Movement about the longitudinal axis
- Controlled by the ailerons
- Used to move between cruise and banked attitudes and combination attitudes
15
Q
Movements - Yaw
A
- Movement about the vertical axis
- Controlled by the rudder
- Does not produce useful attitudes
- Adverse yaw is created by several factors which we need to account and correct for
16
Q
Movements - Yaw Factors - Gyroscopic Precession
A
- Forces applied to a gyroscope act 90 degrees away in the direction of rotation
- Propeller causes pitch up movements which result in left yaw movements
- Corrective action is right rudder
17
Q
Movements - Yaw Factors - Aileron Drag
A
- Downward deflecting aileron causes more drag than upward deflected aileron
- Causes aircraft to yaw opposite to rolling movement
- Manufacturers can correct this with differential or frise ailerons
- Most pronounced at low speeds
- Corrective action is coordinated rudder
18
Q
Movements - Yaw Factors - Spiraling Slipstream
A
- Propeller causes air to rotate around fuselage in clockwise direction
- Strikes vertical stabilizer on left side, causing yaw to the left
- Most single-engine aircraft built with slight right turning tendency to counteract this
- Most pronounced at high power settings
- Corrective Action is right rudder
19
Q
Movements - Yaw Factors - P Factor
A
- Propeller doesn’t generate thrust symmetrically
- down going blade has larger angle of attach and produces more thrust
- Most pronounced at low speeds and high power settings
- Corrective action is right rudder
20
Q
Movements - Controlling Yaw
A
- We can feel and see large amounts of yaw out the window
- smaller amounts are harder to detect
- use turn coordinator’s inclinometer (“The Ball”)
- Want the ball to be centered
21
Q
Safety - Collision Avoidance
A
- Must maintain a continuous watch for traffic
- Split sky into sections and pause while looking at each section
- Speak up if you see something
- Be vigilant for aircraft that are stationary in your windscreen
22
Q
Safety - Transfer of Control
A
- Clear callouts of “I have control” and “You have control”
23
Q
Safety - Fit to Fly (IMSAFE)
A
- Self assess our fitness
- IMSAFE
- Illness
- Medication
- Stress
- Alchohol
- Fatigue
- Eating
