Exercise 18A - Normal Landing

Question 1

Normal Landing - Approach

Answer 1

• Line up with runway
• Establish glide path
• Nose down attitude
• Lasts to about 50’ AGL and over the runway

Question 2

Normal Landing - Round Out

Answer 2

• Transition from nose down to cruise attitude
• Covers ground from 50’ AGL to 10’ AGL
• Move eyes to far end of the runway

Question 3

Normal Landing - Flare

Answer 3

• Keep looking at far end
• Transition from cruise to slightly nose up
• Use peripheral vision to gauge sink rate
• 10’ AGL to touchdown

Question 4

Normal Landing - Roll Out

Answer 4

• After wheels touch keep back pressure to keep weight on main wheels
• Brake evenly
• Keep looking head

Question 5

Normal Landing - Exit

Answer 5

• Only exit when at safe taxi speed
• Turn off on first available taxiway
• Runways can only be used for exit with clearance
• No delay, no unsafe speeds
• Stop beyond hold short marking so you’re clear of runway

Question 6

Normal Landing Procedure - Pre-Landing Checks

Answer 6

• Complete on downwind or final if flying straight in

Question 7

Normal Landing Procedure - Landing Briefing

Answer 7

• Runway
• Type of Landing
• Flap Setting
• Airspeed
• Touchdown Point

Question 8

Normal Landing Procedure - Clearance

Answer 8

• Need landing clearance at controlled airports

Question 9

Normal Landing Procedure - Landing Procedure

Answer 9

• 65-75 knots flaps up
• 60-70 knots flaps down (20º on base, 30º on final)
• Round out at 30’
• Close throttle in flare
• lower nose gently, brake gently once wheels are down

Question 10

Normal Landing Procedure - After Landing Checks

Answer 10

• Complete once off runway and in a logical place to stop
• Follow Checklist

Question 11

Overshoot

Answer 11

• Throttle Open
• Flaps 20
• airspeed 60 knots
• flaps 10 until obstacles clear
• 65 knots
• flaps up at safe altitude
• Power, attitude, configuration, trim
• Don’t turn crosswind immediately unless instructed to do so

Question 12

Factors - Flaps

Answer 12

• Increase descent angle and visibility
• lower landing attitude
• lower stall speed

Question 13

Factors - Wind

Answer 13

• Land into the wind
• Wind shear considerations

Question 14

Factors - Weight

Answer 14

• Heavier means higher approach speed, more inertia, longer stopping distances

Question 15

Factors - Speed

Answer 15

• Ideal approach speed is 62 knots at max weight
• Aircraft will touchdown close to Vso
• Don’t stall close to the ground
• Transition from approach speed to landing speed happens in the flare
• Too much extra speed results in floating

Question 16

Factors - Ground Effect

Answer 16

• Wing close to the ground generates significantly less induced drag
• Can take a while to lose speed in the flare

Question 17

Normal Landing Safety - Gusts

Answer 17

• Causes turbulence and aircraft fluctuation
• Identified in ATIS, METAR, and tower wind reports
• Add half the gust factor to approach speed

Question 18

Normal Landing Safety - Airspeed and Altitude

Answer 18

• Must be properly trimmed
• slow speed
• close to the ground

Question 19

Normal Landing Safety - Visual Reference Point

Answer 19

• Keep an eye on your aiming point
• Looking in the wrong place can mess up a landing

Question 20

Normal Landing Safety - Landing Attitude

Answer 20

• Main Wheels first, then nose wheel
• Make sure you can see over the nose

Question 21

Normal Landing Safety - Overshoot/Go-Around

Answer 21

• Lost of reasons for this
• Unstable approach
• incorrect flare
• bounced landing
• aircraft or vehicle on runway
• not enough runway remaining

Question 22

Normal Landing Safety - Landing Roll

Answer 22

• Maintain back pressure to keep weight off nose wheel
• Roll ailerons into wind

Question 23

Normal Landing Safety - Runway Exit

Answer 23

• Slow to a safe speed before taxiing
• Exit at the first taxiway or the one assigned
• Switch to ground frequency right away
• Leave room for other aircraft behind if possible