Exercise 28 - Bryophytes / Exercise 29 - Ferns Flashcards
Run through the alternation of generations, starting with gametophyte.
- A gametophyte (n) undergoes mitosis to produce gametes: eggs and sperm, which fertilize to create a zygote (2n).
- The zygote matures into an embryo (2n) and eventually into a sporophyte (2n).
- The sporophyte turns into a sporangia and then a spore mother cell (2n).
- This SMC undergoes meiosis to produce four spores (n), which eventually mature into a gametophyte (n).
What stage of a bryophyte’s life cycle is dominant?
The gametophyte stage.
In bryophytes, the male, sperm-producing organs are ______ while the female, egg-producing organs are ______.
antheridia, archegonia
A bryophyte’s ‘plant body’ is called a _____. It is erect and radially symmetrical in _______. In _______ and ______, though, it is bilaterally symmetrical and dorsoventrally flattened.
thallus, mosses, liverworts, hornworts
TECH DR stands for
Taxonomy, Eyesight, Components, Home, Diet, Reproduction
TECH DR Marchantia
[T] Hepaticophyta (liverwort)
[E]
1) Macro: dense leafy brush, each leaf is Y-shaped
2) Micro: The gemmae cups look like . . .cups; the archegonium look like flower carpels, with neck and venter, and the antheridia look like seeds from a fruit cross section. The sporophytes have helix elaters running down through them.
[C] Gemmae cups, which contain gemma; a sporangium capsule that contains spores and the twisting elaters; archegonia, antheridia.
[H] Moist habitats
[D] Nonvascular diet
[R] If not asexually by gemma cups, sexually:
1) 2n Sporangium Capsule contains spores
2) Spores undergo meiosis (n)
3) Spores germinate into archegoniophores and antheridiophores
4) Sperm from antheridiophore fertilizes egg to make a sporophyte.
TECH DR Polytrichum
[T] Bryophyta (moss)
[E] The capsule looks like an okra, the antheridiophore looks like a bowl of stew, and the archegoniaphore looks like a flower.
[C] The capsule’s cap is an operculum. There’s also a calyptra.
[H] Moist habitats
[D] Nonvascular diet
[R]
1) Sperm are released through air in antheridia fingers to go to eggs in the archegonia
2) Fertilized, now 2n zygote. Mitosis. Develops into a sporophyte capsule.
3) The calyptra and operculum fall off to release spores, which undergo mitosis and germinate into plants that produce gametes.
TECH DR Sphagnum
[T] Bryophyta (moss)
[E] The capsule looks like an okra, the antheridiophore looks like a bowl of stew, and the archegoniaphore looks like a flower.
[C] The capsule’s cap is an operculum. There’s also a calyptra.
[H] Moist habitats
[D] Nonvascular diet
[R]
1) Sperm are released through air in antheridia fingers to go to eggs in the archegonia
2) Fertilized, now 2n zygote. Mitosis. Develops into a sporophyte capsule.
3) The calyptra and operculum fall off to release spores, which undergo mitosis and germinate into plants that produce gametes.
TECH DR Psilotum
[T] Pterophyta (whisk fern)
[E] Depends
[C]
1) [From gametophyte] The prothallium is heart shaped.
2) [From sporophyte] There is the sporangium, in groups of sori, protected by indusium. They are underneath fronds.
3) Also, Psilotum is homosporous
[H]
[D]
[R]
1) A gametophyte, submissive prothallium contains antheridium and archegonium. They fertilize and make zygote with egg and sperm.
2) Zygote becomes a sporophyte, the fronds we all know.
3) Underneath fronds are indusium protected sori, or groups of sporangium, which eventually are meleased and undergo meiosis and mitosis to become a pro thallium.
TECH DR Equisetum
[T] Pterophyta (horsetails) [E] [C] Similar to Psilotum whisk fern, except no indusium. Sporangium are found in cones, strobili. They are organized in umbrella branches, sporangiophores. [H] [D] [R]
TECH DR Lycopodium
[T] Lycophyta (club mosses) [E] [C] Lycopodium strobili are more separated than Equisetum strobili. [H] [D] [R] Same as otherwise.
TECH DR Selaginella
[T] Lycophyta (club mosses) [E] [C] [H] [D] [R]
TECH DR Isoetes
[T] Lycophyta (club mosses) [E] [C] Special: rhizophores! Kind of like stolons? [H] [D] [R]
T/F: Both liverworts and mosses are dioecious, meaning that they have two kinds of reproductive structures on a single plant.
F. Both are dioecious, but the term means ‘two-house’: each plant has one or the other of the two kinds of reproductive structures.
What are the three common characteristics of plants?
- They are autotrophic
- They contain chlorophyll a
- They have cellulose cell walls
What are the three distinguishing characteristics of plants?
- The presence or absence of vascular tissue
- Their life cycle
- Their morphology (that is, their shape and structure)
