Exercise 15: The Skeletal System

Question 1

It refers to the internal mechanical support system.

Answer 1

endoskeleton

Question 2

In invertebrates, the endoskeleton is typically composed of _______________.

Answer 2

calcium carbonate

Question 3

Identify examples of endoskeletons which are composed of calcium carbonate.

Answer 3

• cuttlebone of cuttlefish
• test of sea urchin

Question 4

Identify examples of endoskeletons which are composed of chitin.

Answer 4

pen of squid

Question 5

Identify the compositions of the vertebrate endoskeleton.

Answer 5

bone, cartilage, and ligament

Question 6

Are structures joining bones.

Answer 6

ligaments

Question 7

Identify the 2 sections of the vertebrate skeletal system.

Answer 7

• axial skeleton
• appendicular skeleton

Question 8

Identify the 2 primary structures comprising the axial skeleton.

Answer 8

• skull
• (posterior) vertebral column

Question 9

Identify the 3 primary structures comprising the appendicular skeleton.

Answer 9

• pectoral girdle
• pelvic girdle
• the rest of the appendages

Question 10

Are bones comprising the vertebral column.

Answer 10

vertebrae

Question 11

Identify the 2 parts of the skull.

Answer 11

• cranium
• mandible

Question 12

It refers to a set of bones enclosing the brain and sense organs.

Answer 12

cranium

Question 13

It refers to the lower jaw.

Answer 13

mandible

Question 14

TRUE or FALSE:
The skull is mostly composed of plates of bones.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Are jagged lines separating the bones in the skull.

Answer 15

sutures

Question 16

It is an immovable joint formed by the sutures in the skull.

Answer 16

synarthrosis

Question 17

It supports the floor of the mouth and anchors the tongue.

Answer 17

hyoid

Question 18

Are structures housing the nasal cavity.

Answer 18

olfactory capsules

Question 19

Are structures housing the eyeballs.

Answer 19

orbits

Question 20

It refers to the rim of the upper jaw.

Answer 20

maxillary arch

Question 21

Are dorsal projections of the maxillary arch.

Answer 21

premaxillary processes

Question 22

It is the structure between the olfactory capsules.

Answer 22

premaxillary processes

Question 23

It is the median opening at the posterior end of the skull.

Answer 23

foramen magnum

Question 24

Are protrusions on the sides of the foramen magnum.

Answer 24

occipital condyles

Question 25

It articulates with the first vertebra.

Answer 25

occipital condyles

Question 26

Are structures lateral to the occipital condyles which houses the inner ear.

Answer 26

otic capsules

Question 27

It refers to the cavity within the foramen magnum enclosing the brain.

Answer 27

neurocranium

Question 28

The vertebral column of frogs is composed of _____ vertebrae.

Answer 28

10

Question 29

It is the first vertebra in the vertebral column of frogs.

Answer 29

atlas

Question 30

It is a ring-like vertebra which articulates with the occipital condyles.

Answer 30

atlas

Question 31

It is the only cervical vertebra.

Answer 31

atlas

Question 32

Complete the sentence below: The 2nd to 10th vertebrae of frogs is referred to as the _______________.

Answer 32

trunk vertebra

Question 33

It refers to the first seven (2nd to 8th) trunk vertebrae.

Answer 33

typical vertebra

Question 34

It refers to the 9th vertebra.

Answer 34

sacral vertebra

Question 35

It refers to the 10th vertebra.

Answer 35

urostyle

Question 36

Complete the sentence below: The transverse processes of the _______________ articulates with the pelvic girdle.

Answer 36

sacral vertebra

Question 37

It is an elongated, rod-like vertebra consisting of fused vertebrae.

Answer 37

urostyle

Question 38

TRUE or FALSE: Ribs are absent in frogs.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

It is a solid, elliptical mass which serves as the body of the vertebra.

Answer 39

centrum

Question 40

The centrum of frog vertebra is ____________ anteriorly and ____________ posteriorly, a condition called ____________.

Answer 40

concave, convex, procoelous

Question 41

It is where the spinal cord passes through, and is attached to the centrum dorsally.

Answer 41

neural canal

Question 42

It is the roof of the neural canal.

Answer 42

neural arch

Question 43

It is the dorsal projection of the neural arch.

Answer 43

neural spine

Question 44

Are processes attached anteriorly to the neural spine.

Answer 44

pre-zygapophysis

Question 45

Are processes attached posteriorly to the neural spine.

Answer 45

post-zygapophysis

Question 46

TRUE or FALSE: Lateral to the neural arch are the transverse processes, serving to support the body wall.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

It is an elevated, longitudinal structure lying dorsally from the urostyle.

Answer 47

keel

Question 48

Complete the sentence below: The ____________ refers to the fused neural spines of the urostyle.

Answer 48

keel

Question 49

Identify the primary functions of the pectoral girdle.

Answer 49

* supports the forelimbs * protects the thoracic region

Question 50

It is a flat, rectangular bone marking the dorsal side of the pectoral girdle.

Answer 50

suprascapula

Question 51

It is a structure projecting ventrally from the suprascapula.

Answer 51

scapula

Question 52

It refers to a depression to which the forelimb articulates.

Answer 52

glenoid fossa

Question 53

Are bones that follow the glenoid fossa medially.

Answer 53

* clavicle * coracoid

Question 54

Differentiate the clavicle from the coracoid.

Answer 54

* clavicle - thinner, anterior bone * coracoid - thicker, posterior bone

Question 55

It refers to an opening that separates the clavicle and coracoid.

Answer 55

fenestra

Question 56

It connects the clavicle and coracoid at the center of the pectoral girdle.

Answer 56

epicoracoid cartilage

Question 57

It refers to the column of bones and cartilages on the ventral surface of the pectoral girdle.

Answer 57

sternum

Question 58

Which sternum is anterior to the clavicle and assumes an inverted y-shape?

Answer 58

omosternum

Question 59

It is a rounded cartilage that is anterior to the omosternum.

Answer 59

episternum

Question 60

Which sternum is posterior to the epicoracoid cartilage?

Answer 60

mesosternum

Question 61

It is a heart-shaped cartilage that is posterior to the mesosternum.

Answer 61

xiphisternum

Question 62

Identify which sternum are bones.

Answer 62

* omosternum * mesosternum

Question 63

Identify which sternum are cartilages.

Answer 63

* episternum * xiphisternum

Question 64

In frog forelimb, which bone articulates with the glenoid fossa?

Answer 64

humerus

Question 65

It is a pair of bones which attach to the humerus posteriorly.

Answer 65

radio-ulna

Question 66

Are also known as wrist bones.

Answer 66

carpals

Question 67

Identify the bones comprising the manus.

Answer 67

* carpals * metacarpals * phalanges

Question 68

Complete the sentence below: The pelvic girdle is composed of two halves, each called the ____________.

Answer 68

innominate bone (os innominatum)

Question 69

It is a structure on the innominate bone which articulates with the transverse processes of the sacral vertebra.

Answer 69

ilium

Question 70

It is a fan-shaped bone found posteriorly at the pelvic girdle.

Answer 70

ischium

Question 71

It is a small triangular ventral projection wedged between the ilium and ischium.

Answer 71

pubis

Question 72

It is a depression to which the hindlimbs articulate.

Answer 72

acetabulum

Question 73

In frog hindlimb, which bone articulates with the acetabulum?

Answer 73

femur

Question 74

It refers to the bone of the shank.

Answer 74

tibio-fibula

Question 75

Identify the bones comprising the pes.

Answer 75

* tarsals * metatarsals * phalanges

Question 76

Are structures in the typical vertebra that are present in atlas.

Answer 76

* centrum * neural arch * neural canal * post-zygapophysis

Question 77

Are structures in the typical vertebra that are absent in atlas.

Answer 77

* neural spine * pre-zygapopyhsis * transverse processes

Question 78

Are structures in the typical vertebra that are present in the sacral vertebra.

Answer 78

* centrum * neural arch * neural canal * pre-zygapophysis * transverse processes

Question 79

Are structures in the typical vertebra that are absent in the sacral vertebra.

Answer 79

* neural spine * post-zygapophysis

Question 80

Are structures in the typical vertebra that are present in the urostyle.

Answer 80

* centrum * neural spine * neural arch * neural canal

Question 81

Are structures in the typical vertebra that are absent in the urostyle.

Answer 81

* pre-zygapophysis * post-zygapophysis * transverse processes