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Bio 11.1 (Zoology) > Exercise 15: The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Exercise 15: The Skeletal System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

It refers to the internal mechanical support system.

A

endoskeleton

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2
Q

In invertebrates, the endoskeleton is typically composed of _______________.

A

calcium carbonate

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3
Q

Identify examples of endoskeletons which are composed of calcium carbonate.

A
  • cuttlebone of cuttlefish
  • test of sea urchin
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4
Q

Identify examples of endoskeletons which are composed of chitin.

A

pen of squid

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5
Q

Identify the compositions of the vertebrate endoskeleton.

A

bone, cartilage, and ligament

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6
Q

Are structures joining bones.

A

ligaments

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7
Q

Identify the 2 sections of the vertebrate skeletal system.

A
  • axial skeleton
  • appendicular skeleton
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8
Q

Identify the 2 primary structures comprising the axial skeleton.

A
  • skull
  • (posterior) vertebral column
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9
Q

Identify the 3 primary structures comprising the appendicular skeleton.

A
  • pectoral girdle
  • pelvic girdle
  • the rest of the appendages
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10
Q

Are bones comprising the vertebral column.

A

vertebrae

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11
Q

Identify the 2 parts of the skull.

A
  • cranium
  • mandible
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12
Q

It refers to a set of bones enclosing the brain and sense organs.

A

cranium

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13
Q

It refers to the lower jaw.

A

mandible

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14
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
The skull is mostly composed of plates of bones.

A

True

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15
Q

Are jagged lines separating the bones in the skull.

A

sutures

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16
Q

It is an immovable joint formed by the sutures in the skull.

A

synarthrosis

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17
Q

It supports the floor of the mouth and anchors the tongue.

A

hyoid

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18
Q

Are structures housing the nasal cavity.

A

olfactory capsules

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19
Q

Are structures housing the eyeballs.

A

orbits

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20
Q

It refers to the rim of the upper jaw.

A

maxillary arch

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21
Q

Are dorsal projections of the maxillary arch.

A

premaxillary processes

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22
Q

It is the structure between the olfactory capsules.

A

premaxillary processes

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23
Q

It is the median opening at the posterior end of the skull.

A

foramen magnum

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24
Q

Are protrusions on the sides of the foramen magnum.

A

occipital condyles

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25
Q

It articulates with the first vertebra.

A

occipital condyles

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26
Q

Are structures lateral to the occipital condyles which houses the inner ear.

A

otic capsules

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27
Q

It refers to the cavity within the foramen magnum enclosing the brain.

A

neurocranium

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28
Q

The vertebral column of frogs is composed of _____ vertebrae.

A

10

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29
Q

It is the first vertebra in the vertebral column of frogs.

A

atlas

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30
Q

It is a ring-like vertebra which articulates with the occipital condyles.

A

atlas

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31
Q

It is the only cervical vertebra.

A

atlas

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32
Q

Complete the sentence below:
The 2nd to 10th vertebrae of frogs is referred to as the _______________.

A

trunk vertebra

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33
Q

It refers to the first seven (2nd to 8th) trunk vertebrae.

A

typical vertebra

34
Q

It refers to the 9th vertebra.

A

sacral vertebra

35
Q

It refers to the 10th vertebra.

A

urostyle

36
Q

Complete the sentence below:
The transverse processes of the _______________ articulates with the pelvic girdle.

A

sacral vertebra

37
Q

It is an elongated, rod-like vertebra consisting of fused vertebrae.

A

urostyle

38
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Ribs are absent in frogs.

A

True

39
Q

It is a solid, elliptical mass which serves as the body of the vertebra.

A

centrum

40
Q

The centrum of frog vertebra is ____________ anteriorly and ____________ posteriorly, a condition called ____________.

A

concave, convex, procoelous

41
Q

It is where the spinal cord passes through, and is attached to the centrum dorsally.

A

neural canal

42
Q

It is the roof of the neural canal.

A

neural arch

43
Q

It is the dorsal projection of the neural arch.

A

neural spine

44
Q

Are processes attached anteriorly to the neural spine.

A

pre-zygapophysis

45
Q

Are processes attached posteriorly to the neural spine.

A

post-zygapophysis

46
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Lateral to the neural arch are the transverse processes, serving to support the body wall.

A

True

47
Q

It is an elevated, longitudinal structure lying dorsally from the urostyle.

A

keel

48
Q

Complete the sentence below:
The ____________ refers to the fused neural spines of the urostyle.

A

keel

49
Q

Identify the primary functions of the pectoral girdle.

A
  • supports the forelimbs
  • protects the thoracic region
50
Q

It is a flat, rectangular bone marking the dorsal side of the pectoral girdle.

A

suprascapula

51
Q

It is a structure projecting ventrally from the suprascapula.

A

scapula

52
Q

It refers to a depression to which the forelimb articulates.

A

glenoid fossa

53
Q

Are bones that follow the glenoid fossa medially.

A
  • clavicle
  • coracoid
54
Q

Differentiate the clavicle from the coracoid.

A
  • clavicle - thinner, anterior bone
  • coracoid - thicker, posterior bone
55
Q

It refers to an opening that separates the clavicle and coracoid.

A

fenestra

56
Q

It connects the clavicle and coracoid at the center of the pectoral girdle.

A

epicoracoid cartilage

57
Q

It refers to the column of bones and cartilages on the ventral surface of the pectoral girdle.

A

sternum

58
Q

Which sternum is anterior to the clavicle and assumes an inverted y-shape?

A

omosternum

59
Q

It is a rounded cartilage that is anterior to the omosternum.

A

episternum

60
Q

Which sternum is posterior to the epicoracoid cartilage?

A

mesosternum

61
Q

It is a heart-shaped cartilage that is posterior to the mesosternum.

A

xiphisternum

62
Q

Identify which sternum are bones.

A
  • omosternum
  • mesosternum
63
Q

Identify which sternum are cartilages.

A
  • episternum
  • xiphisternum
64
Q

In frog forelimb, which bone articulates with the glenoid fossa?

A

humerus

65
Q

It is a pair of bones which attach to the humerus posteriorly.

A

radio-ulna

66
Q

Are also known as wrist bones.

A

carpals

67
Q

Identify the bones comprising the manus.

A
  • carpals
  • metacarpals
  • phalanges
68
Q

Complete the sentence below:
The pelvic girdle is composed of two halves, each called the ____________.

A

innominate bone (os innominatum)

69
Q

It is a structure on the innominate bone which articulates with the transverse processes of the sacral vertebra.

A

ilium

70
Q

It is a fan-shaped bone found posteriorly at the pelvic girdle.

A

ischium

71
Q

It is a small triangular ventral projection wedged between the ilium and ischium.

A

pubis

72
Q

It is a depression to which the hindlimbs articulate.

A

acetabulum

73
Q

In frog hindlimb, which bone articulates with the acetabulum?

A

femur

74
Q

It refers to the bone of the shank.

A

tibio-fibula

75
Q

Identify the bones comprising the pes.

A
  • tarsals
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges
76
Q

Are structures in the typical vertebra that are present in atlas.

A
  • centrum
  • neural arch
  • neural canal
  • post-zygapophysis
77
Q

Are structures in the typical vertebra that are absent in atlas.

A
  • neural spine
  • pre-zygapopyhsis
  • transverse processes
78
Q

Are structures in the typical vertebra that are present in the sacral vertebra.

A
  • centrum
  • neural arch
  • neural canal
  • pre-zygapophysis
  • transverse processes
79
Q

Are structures in the typical vertebra that are absent in the sacral vertebra.

A
  • neural spine
  • post-zygapophysis
80
Q

Are structures in the typical vertebra that are present in the urostyle.

A
  • centrum
  • neural spine
  • neural arch
  • neural canal
81
Q

Are structures in the typical vertebra that are absent in the urostyle.

A
  • pre-zygapophysis
  • post-zygapophysis
  • transverse processes

Bio 11.1 (Zoology) (5 decks)

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