Exercise 13: Animal Cells and Tissues Flashcards
Enumerate the 4 general types of animal tissues.
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
Enumerate the 3 general functions of epithelial tissues.
- cover body surfaces
- line body cavities and ducts
- form glands
It refers to tissues that bind, support, and protect body parts.
connective tissues
It refers to tissues that produce movement via contractions.
muscle tissues
It refers to tissues that transmit nerve impulses from one body part to and from the spinal cord and brain.
nerve tissues
It refers to the material surrounding the cells.
extracellular matrix
TRUE or FALSE:
The composition of the extracellular matrix varies among different tissue types.
True
Enumerate the 2 types of epithelial tissues according to function.
- membranous epithelia
- glandular epithelia
It is described as epithelial tissues which consist of sheets of tightly packed epithelial cells that line the organs.
membranous epithelia
It is described as epithelial tissues which consist of clumps of epithelial cells that form glands.
glandular epithelia
TRUE or FALSE:
Epithelial cells are polar, which means they have a distinct basal and apical side.
True
The surface of an epithelial tissue which is anchored to the thin, sheet-like extracellular matrix.
basal surface
It refers to the thin, sheet-like extracellular matrix.
basement membrane; basal lamina
It refers to the surface of an epithelial tissue facing towards the external environment or towards the lumen.
apical surface
It refers to the cavity at the center of a tubular structure.
lumen
Enumerate the 2 classifications of membranous epithelia according to the number of cell layers.
- simple - single layer
- stratified - multiple layers
Enumerate the 3 classifications of the cells in the membranous epithelia and describe their shapes.
- squamous - flat cells
- cuboidal - cube shaped cells
- columnar - elongated cells
Identify which membranous epithelia is described below:
single layer of flat cells
simple squamous epithelia
Identify which membranous epithelia is described below:
single layer of cube-shaped cells
simple cuboidal epithelia
Identify which membranous epithelia is described below:
lines small ducts and tubules
simple cuboidal epithelia
Identify which membranous epithelia is described below:
single layer of elongated cells
simple columnar epithelia
Complete the sentence below:
The stratified epithelia of frog skin consist of __________ epithelial cells found on the surface and layers of __________ epithelial cells beneath.
squamous; cuboidal or columnar
Which non-keratinized epithelia line moist internal cavities such as the oral mucosa and esophagus?
stratified squamous epithelia
Complete the sentence below.
The functional units of the glandular epithelia may be __________ or __________.
unicellular; multicellular
Identify the 2 classifications of multicellular glands.
exocrine and endocrine
Unicellular or Multicellular: goblet cells
unicellular glands
Unicellular of Multicellular: cutaneous glands
multicellular, exocrine
TRUE or FALSE:
The body of the cutaneous glands are round and hollow, and is found beneath the epithelial layers.
True
It connects the body of the cutaneous glands to the surface via a narrow opening.
neck
TRUE or FALSE:
The goblet cells are interspersed among the columnar epithelia.
True
It refers to the substance which mainly comprises the connective tissues.
extracellular matrix (ECM)
Enumerate the 2 classifications of fibrous connective tissues that support and join body structures.
- loose connective tissue
- dense connective tissue
Which cells secrete the extracellular matrix?
fibrocytes
Enumerate the specialized types of connective tissues.
- cartilage
- bone
- blood
It is considered as the “packing material” of the body.
loose connective tissue
Which connective tissue anchors blood vessels, nerves, and muscles?
loose connective tissue
Which connective tissue is found in the skin, tendons, and ligaments?
dense connective
TRUE or FALSE:
The dense connective tissue consists primarily of densely packed fibers which may be ir/regular in arrangement.
True
It refers to the flexible supportive tissue.
cartilage
It refers to the cells comprising the cartilage.
chondrocytes
It refers to the amorphous ground substance comprising the extracellular matrix and giving resilience to the cartilage.
chondroitin sulfate
Enumerate the types of cartilage.
- hyaline
- fibrocartilage
- elastic
Which cartilage is the most abundant?
hyaline cartilage
Which cartilage is characterized by very fine collagen fibers that are dispersed in the gelatinous ground substance.
hyaline
Enumerate the functions of the bone.
- internal support
- protection to internal organs
- anchorage of muscles
It refers to the cells comprising bones.
osteocytes
It refers to the mineralized ground substance comprising the extracellular matrix of bones.
hydroxyapatite
Enumerate the 2 types of bone tissues and describe their functions.
- compact - forms the external layer of bones
- spongy (cancellous) - forms in the internal layers of bones
It refers to the basic histological unit of compact bone tissue.
osteon (Haversian canal system)
It refers to the center of osteon which runs longitudinally, parallel to the bone.
Haversian canal
Are transverse channels connecting adjacent Haversian canals.
Volkmann’s canal
Are concentric rings of extracellular matrix surrounding the Haversian canals.
lamellae
Are spaces that house osteocytes which are interspersed along the concentric rings of the extracellular matrix.
lacunae
Are small canals projecting from the lacunae.
canaluculi
Are osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions projecting from the canaliculi to connect with other osteocytes
filopodia
Complete the sentence.
Blood is often considered as a separate tissue type called _______________.
vascular tissue
It refers to the extracellular material of the blood.
plasma
Enumerate the 3 cellular elements of the blood.
- erythrocytes (RBC)
- leukocytes (WBC)
- platelets
Identify the primary function of erythrocytes.
oxygen transport
It refers to the component of erythrocytes which binds oxygen, giving RBCs their red color.
hemoglobin
Identify the primary function of leukocytes.
for immunity
Differentiate the 2 general classifications of leukocytes.
- granulocytes - if cytoplasmic granules are present
- agranulocyte - if cytoplasmic granules are absent
Enumerate the 5 types of leukocytes.
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- neutrophils
- basophils
- eosinophils
Determine which leukocyte is described below:
Are responsible for initiating the acquired immune response of vertebrates.
lymphocytes
Determine which leukocyte is described below:
Small cells that possess a large, acentric nucleus with narrow cytoplasm.
lymphocytes
Determine which leukocyte is described below:
Are the largest white blood cells.
monocytes
Determine which leukocyte is described below:
Cells that possess an unlobed, acentric, kidney-shaped nucleus which lacks granules.
monocytes
Determine which leukocyte is described below:
Gives rise to macrophages when activated.
monocytes
Determine which leukocyte is described below:
Possess a relatively light stained granular cytoplasm and multi-lobed nucleus.
neutrophils
Determine which leukocyte is described below:
Are the body’s initial phagocytic defense.
neutrophils
Determine which leukocyte is described below:
Possess dense, dark, large granules.
basophils
Determine which leukocyte is described below:
Are associated with allergies and inflammation.
basophils
Determine which leukocyte is described below:
Possess a bilobed nucleus.
eosinophils and basophils
Determine which leukocyte is described below:
Typically stain reddish.
eosinophils
Determine which leukocyte is described below:
Defend against parasitic infections.
eosinophils
It refers to the cells comprising the muscular tissue.
myocytes
Are cytoplasmic substances allowing the contraction of myocytes.
actin and myosin filaments
Enumerate the 3 classifications of muscular tissue.
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
It refers to the multi-nucleated state.
syncytium
It refers to the specialized connective tissue which connects skeletal muscles to bones.
tendons
Identify the 2 striations of skeletal muscles.
- I-bands
- A-bands
Which muscle tissue contracts without conscious control and is therefore considered an involuntary muscle?
smooth muscle
Which muscle tissue is striated and possesses more than one nucleus per cell?
skeletal muscles
Which muscle has no striations and possesses only one nucleus per cell?
smooth muscle
Which muscle is arranged in sheets on the walls of organs such as the stomach, intestines, and the uterus.
smooth muscle
Which muscle is striated and is found only in vertebrate hearts.
cardiac muscles
Complete the sentence below:
In cardiac muscles, the cells are connected by _______________ which helps synchronize the contraction of the muscles.
intercalated discs
It refers to tissues which facilitate communication, coordination, and control.
nervous tissues
It carries impulses across the body.
nerve
It refers to the loose connective tissue which serves as the outer covering of the nerve.
epineurium
It refers to the dense sheath of connective tissue of the fascicle.
perineurium
Complete the sentence below:
The fascicle is composed of bundles of ____________ or ____________.
nerve fibers, axons
Complete the sentence below:
Each nerve fiber is surrounded by a layer of white insulating material called the __________ or __________.
Schwann, myelin sheath.
Complete the sentence below:
The __________ wraps around each nerve fiber and fills in the rest of the fascicle’s interior.
endoneurium
It refers to the functional unit of the nervous system.
neuron
It refers to the cell body which contains the nucleus and the protoplasmic extensions.
soma
Are short, branch-like protoplasmic extensions of the neuron.
dendrites
Are long, thin protoplasmic extensions of the neuron.
axon
