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bio 2 > Excretion > Flashcards

Excretion Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Excretion

A

removing metabolic waste from the body

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2
Q

metabolic waste

A

waste produce from metabolism

Carbon dioxide form respiration and urea from deamination

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3
Q

egestion

A

removal of undigested waste by defamation

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4
Q

deamination

A

removal of ammonia from amino acids

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5
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Effect of lowered blood pH (excess CO2)

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6
Q

Why must nitrogenous compounds be removed from the body

A

This is because the body cannot store amino acids, but it would be toxic to excrete them

amino acids store lots of energy

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7
Q

Hepatic Artery

A

brings oxygenated blood from aorta
25%

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8
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

Carries blood loaded with the products of digestion straight from the intestine to the liver (75% of the blood)

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9
Q

Hepatic Vein

A

Connects to inferior vena cava and carries deoxygenated blood back to heart

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10
Q

Sinusoids

A

connects the hepatic artery to the hepatic vein allowing hepatocytes to remove harmful substances from the blood

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11
Q

Kuppfer cells

A

Hepatic macrophages that are attached to the walls of the sinusoids
Ingest foreign particles
Recycle old RBC’s

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12
Q

What do hepatocytes do

A

Relatively unspecialised to carry out many functions
Synthesise proteins (enzymes and hormones)
Transform and store carbs (glycogen)
Synthesise cholesterol and bile salts
Form bile and secrete into bile canaliculi
Absorb substances from blood and also secrete products

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13
Q

Shape of hepatocytes

A

Cuboidal w/ many microvilli (increases SA for contact w/ sinusoids)

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14
Q

Role of the liver in excretion

A

Break down excess amino acids and haemoglobin
Detoxifies alcohol
Produces urea

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15
Q

Basic functional unit of liver

A

Lobule

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16
Q

Protein metabolism in the liver

A

Protein synthesis of plasma proteins
Deamination to form keto acid and NH2
Transamination to make new amino acids

17
Q

F ate of keto acids

A

Kreb’s cycle (respration)

18
Q

Where does deamination occur

A

In hepatocytes

19
Q

Equation of deamination

A

Amino acid + oxygen —> keto acid + ammonia

20
Q

Ornithine cycle

A

2NH3 + ornithine + CO2 (from respiration) —> H2O + urea (circulates in blood until filtered by kidney)

21
Q

Detoxification of alcohol

A

Alcohol is broken down by hepatocytes by alcohol dehydrogenase to make ethanal which is further dehydrogenated by ethanal dehydrogenase to make ethanoate
NAD is needed to oxidise and breakdown fatty acids

22
Q

Uses of ethanoate

A

Build up fatty acids

Cellular respiration

23
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Afferent arteriole has larger diameter then efferent arteriole
high hydrostatic pressure is generated
endothelium wall of capillary has small pores/ fenestrations

Pressure is higher in the glomerulus then the Bowman’s capsule so fluid is pushed out

24
Q

3 layers between glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

A

endothelium: fenestrations
Basement membrane- stops removal of large substances
epithelium of Bowman’s capsule- Podocytes- finger like projections to ensure the passage of substances

25
Q

glomeruls filtrate

A

The fluid that filters through from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule

26
Q

selective reabsorption in PCT

A

membrane of epithelial cells in PCT actively transports sodium ions out of cytoplasm into the blood via the sodium potassium pump

this lowers the concentration of sodium ions in the epithelial cells so sodium ions diffuse down concentration gradient back into cytoplasm passing through co transporter proteins

each type of the co transporter proteins transports a sodium ion and another substance like glucose or amino acids

27
Q

which molecules are reabsorbed in the pct

A

All glucose in the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood
This means no glucose should be present in the urine
Amino acids, vitamins and inorganic ions are reabsorbed
The movement of all these solutes from the proximal convoluted tubule into the capillaries increases the water potential of the filtrate and decreases the water potential of the blood in the capillaries
This creates a steep water potential gradient and causes water to move into the blood by osmosis
A significant amount of urea is reabsorbed too
The concentration of urea in the filtrate is higher than in the capillaries, causing urea to diffuse from the filtrate back into the blood

28
Q

reabsorption of water in the Loop of Henle and other

A

Descending limb permeable to water
water is removed by osmosis into surrounding tissue

bottom of loop of henle
sodium and chloride ions diffuse out of loop of henley reducing water potential of surrounding tissue

Ascending limb impermeable to water
sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of loop of henle decreasing water potential of surround tissue in the medulla.

water is removed from urine in collecting duct

water is reabsorbed in the DCT

29
Q

Haemodialysis

A

Heparin- stops blood clotting
air bubbles removed before reentering the body
blood form the patients vein is passed through tubes made from partially permeable membranes
on the outside of the tube dialysis fluid flows in the opposite direction which contains same concentration of ions and glucose that the patients blood has

30
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

a peritoneal layers of tissue that lies in abdominal cavity
a catheter is inserted into the peritoneal cavity
dialysis fluid is passed in and left there
remaining fluid is drained of and replaced

31
Q

kidney transplant negatives and positives

A

new kidney not recognised as self
different antigens present in kidney causing rejection by immune system
immunosuppressant drugs required
invasive procedure
no longer needs dialysis
all surgeries come wiv risks

32
Q

osmoregulation

A

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect low concentration of water in blood
ADH is released from posterior pituitary gland
transported to kidney in blood
receptors on collecting duct are complementary to and specific to ADH so bind together
this triggers a cascade of enzyme controlled reactions. whereby water channels called aqua potions form and fuse to membrane
this removed water out of collecting duct and is reabsorbed by the blood

33
Q

low levels of ADH

A

cell membrane folds inwards creating new vesicles
these remove aquaporins
urine becomes more dilute

34
Q

pregnancy test

A

hCG is complementary shape to monoclonal antibodies
hCG binds to them to form hCG antibody complex which moves up the stick wiv the urine
excess antibodies are carried up with urine and bind to immobilise enzymes in the upper band - control
hCG complex bind to immobilised enzymes in the lower band

35
Q

how to test for anabolic steroids

A

using gas chromatography

bio 2 (16 decks)

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