cloning and biotechnology Flashcards
what are clones
genetically identical organism or cells
what are the advantages of natural cloning
if the conditions are right for the parents it’s good for the offspring
relatively rapid so population can take advantage of sustainable environmental conditions
only requires one parent
what are the disadvantage of natural clones
offspring may be overcrowded
no genetic diversity except by mutations
populations shows little variation
selection is not possible
if environment changes to less advantageous then the whole population is susceptible
what is vegetative propagation
reproduction from vegetative parts of plants
e.g
runners
bulbs
corns
leaves
tubers
give an example of cloning in animals
mammals are clones when identical twins are formed
occurs when fertilised egg splits into separate cells
each cells grow and develops into new individuals
what is tissue culture
growing new tissues, organs or plants from certain tissue cuts from a sample plant
what is micro propagation
growing large numbers of new plants from meristem tissue taken from a sample plant
meristem tissue comes from leaf, stem, root or bud called explant
deceive the steps of micropropagation
explant sterilised to kill bacteria
grown in sterile growth medium to form a callus ( mass of totipotent cells)
callus divided then stimulates to grow in shoot stimulating the root stimulating hormones
plant lets then planted in compost
what are the advantages of artificial cloning
relatively rapid
offspring genetically indentical
free from virus
what are the disadvantages of artificial cloning
labour intensive
expensive to set up
can fail due to microbial contamination
same susceptibility to same disease
no genetic variation
what are the uses of reproductive cloning
elite farm animal produced by selective breeding or genetic modification
genetically- modified animals develop with unusual characteristics e.g goats then produce spider milk
what are the two main techniques to achieve reproductive cloning
embryo twining
somatic cell nuclear transfer
describe the technique of embryo splitting
zygote fertilised invitro fertilisation
zygote allowed to divide to form a small ball of cells cell then separated and allowed to continue dividing
each small mass of cells in places into the uterus of surrogate mother to form an embryo
what are the disadvantages of embryo splitting
precise genotype and phenotype of offspring produce will depend upon sperm and egg used
therefore precise phenotype will be unknown until birth
describe somatic cell nuclear transfer
egg cell is enucleated and normal body cell from adult to be cloned may have nucleus removed
nucleus or whole cell fused with egg cell by electric shock
shock groves development to start
cell undergoes mitosis and then placed in uterus of surrogate
