animal respones

Question 1

2 different type of nervous systems

Answer 1

Central
Peripheral

Question 2

what does the CNS consist of

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord
relay neurone
synapse

Question 3

PNS features

Answer 3

contains sensory and motor neurones
detects stimuli
nerves go from sense organs to glands

Question 4

what does PNS break down to

Answer 4

Somatic
Autonomic

Question 5

role of somatic ns

Answer 5

conscious control

Question 6

role of autonomic ns

Answer 6

subconscious control

Question 7

what does autonomic ns branch into

Answer 7

sympathetic
parasympathetic

Question 8

role of sympathetic ns

Answer 8

noradrenaline is the neurotransmitter
fight/flight

Question 9

role of parasympathetic ns

Answer 9

acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter
rest and digest

Question 10

role of cerebrum

Answer 10

controls voluntary action such as learning memorising and conscious thought

Question 11

role of cerebellum

Answer 11

controls unconscious functions such as posture and balance

Question 12

role of medulla oblongata

Answer 12

used in autonomic control
controls heart rate and breathing rate

Question 13

role of pituitary gland

Answer 13

stores and releases hormones that regulate many body functions
e.g FSH LH GH

Question 14

role of hypothalamus

Answer 14

regulatory centre for body temperature and balance of water potential

Question 15

reflex arc features

Answer 15

involuntary
causes faster response preventing or minimising damage to the body

Question 16

knee jerk reflex

Answer 16

when the leg is tapped beneath the knee cal it stretches the patellar tendon which stimulates the quadriceps muscle to contract and the hamstring muscle to relax causing the leg to extend

Question 17

blinking reflex

Answer 17

occurs when the cornea is stimulates and the eye lid closes preventing anything from entering the eye

Question 18

importance of reflex

Answer 18

involuntary response
doesn’t need to be taught so available from birth
it’s fast as it only involves like one or two synapses

Question 19

how change in blood pH changes blood pressure

Answer 19

increases metabolic activity cause more carbon dioxide to be produced by tissues
this reduces blood pH which is detected by chemoreceptors
sends impulses to medulla oblongata centre
activates sympathetic nervous system
increases frequency of impulses send to SAN
SAN increases heart rate
increases the blood pressure so more carbon dioxide is removed

Question 20

how blood pressure is increased

Answer 20

low bp is detected by baroreceptors in blood vessels
sends impulses to medulla oblongata centre
activates sympathetic NS
impulses send down accelerator nerve to san
increases the frequency of wave of excitation from SaN
increases heart rate

Question 21

how blood pressure is reduced

Answer 21

high bp is detected by baroreceptors
sends impulses to medulla oblongata centre
activates parasympathetic ns
impulses send down vagas nerve to SAN which causes a decrease in the frequency of wave o excitation from SAN
decreases heart rate

Question 22

features of skeletal muscle

Answer 22

responsible for movement under conscious control
regular arrangement of muscle fibres so contracts in one direction
multinuckeated
straited due to bands of actin and myosin
short contraction length
rapid contraction

Question 23

features of cardiac muscles

Answer 23

found in heart
involuntary control
faintly straited
contains branches cells
uninucleated
intermediate contraction length and speed
myogenic

Question 24

smooth muscles

Answer 24

involuntary control
non straited muscle
uninucleated
spindle shaped
contracts more slowly
no regular arrangement

Question 25

sliding filament model

Answer 25

at rest tropoysosin and troponin are sitting in position on actin filament that prevent myosin from binding

nerve impulse causes calcium ions to be released from sarcoplasmic reticulum

calcium ions bind to troponin causing it to change shape and move tropomyisjn out of the actin binding sites

myosin bind to the actin forming a cross bridge

myosin tilt pulling the actin filament towards the centre of the sarcomere. ADP is released

ATP fives to myosin head which causes it to detach from the actin

hydrolysis if ATP to ADP provides energy for myosin head to resume to normal position

the head of lysosomes reattaches to the binding site further along and the cycle is repeated

ATP is used to actively transport calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 26

Neuromuscular junction location

Answer 26

a synapse between the membrane of the axon of a motor neurone and the sarcolemma of a muscle fibre

Question 27

neuromuscular junction

Answer 27

action potential arrives at the presynaptic membrane causing calcium ion channels to open

this causes vesicles containing neurotransmitter to fuse with presynaptic membrane

the neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to sodium voltage gated channel in the sarcolemma

sodium voltage gated channels open

sodium ions move into the sarcolemma along its electrochemical gradient

membrane is depolarised and action potential spread along the sarcolemma through the T tubules

calcium ion channels open and diffuse out sarcoplasmic reticulum
calcium ions bind to troponin changing it shape causing tropomyosin to move out of the acting binding site

Question 28

how is atp produced from creatine phosphate

Answer 28

occurs in sacroplasm
phosphate group from creatine phosphate is transferred to ADP to form ATP
sufficient to support muscle for 2-4 seconds