Excreting wastes/hormone functions

Question 1

What is Uremia?

Answer 1

syndrome of edema, high blood pressure, plae, confused, poor memory, involuntary muscle movements, breath smells like urine

Question 2

what is normal blood creatinine?

Answer 2

<120 umol/L

Question 3

What is normal blood urea?

Answer 3

<7 mmol/L

Question 4

What is normal blood urate?

Answer 4

<450 umol/L

Question 5

What is normal blood hemoglobin?

Answer 5

140-140 g/L

Question 6

What is normal blood Potassium?

Answer 6

3.5-5

Question 7

What is normal blood Bicarbonate?

Answer 7

25 mmol/L

Question 8

What is normal blood calcium?

Answer 8

2.2 - 2.6 mol/L

Question 9

What is normal blood PTH?

Answer 9

1-7 pmol/L

Question 10

Describe Urea.

Answer 10

most abundant product of protein metabolism, directly related to protein intake, each urea has 2 nitrogens. CO2 + ammonia = urea. Ammonia is broken down in the liver and converted to urea and is excreted in the urine.

Question 11

What is Phosphocreatine?

Answer 11

it is an energy store in muscle, it is metabolized to creatinine and excreted in the urine

Question 12

What happens when there is an acculmulation of uric acid?

Answer 12

gout

Question 13

What is uric acid?

Answer 13

nitrogenous metabolite of the purines guanine and adenine

Question 14

What is the most likely reason humans have such a high GFR?

Answer 14

to accomodate for the filtration of the excretion of nitrogenous wastes

Question 15

Where does renin come from?

Answer 15

synthesized and secreted by cells of the afferent arteriole

Question 16

What does renin do?

Answer 16

increases blood pressure by systemic arteriolar vasococonstriction. increases sodium reabsorption by the kidney through aldoesterone. stimulates water retention through thirst and vasopressin, constricts efferent arteriole to increase glomerular capillary pressure and maintain GFR during hypotension

Question 17

where is EPO produces?

Answer 17

glycorpotein synthesized by pericytes at the border of medulla and cortex where O2 levels are low

Question 18

What does Vitamin D do?

Answer 18

increase the absorption of dietary calcium from the gut

Question 19

What are the two hydroxylation steps of vitamin D

Answer 19

25-hydroxylation in liver

1-hydroxylation in kidney

Question 20

What is the bodies response to low calcium (hypocalcemia)?

Answer 20

low calcium stimulate PTH secretion, and increases 1-hydroxylase in kidney, and increases 1.25 vit D that increase absorption of calcium in the gut

Question 21

What are the clinical signs of uremia?

Answer 21

GFR <15 ml/min

Question 22

Hypertension and Edema is cause by?

Answer 22

impaired sodium excretion by damaged kidney, due to reducde GFR, expanded extracellular fliud volume

Question 23

How is hyperkalemia treated?

Answer 23

given intravenous insulin so that it brings potassium back into the cells

Question 24

high PTH can

Answer 24

decalcify bones predisposing to bone fractures

Question 25

plasma sodium concentration is determined by ______ balance not _______ balance

Answer 25

water, sodium

Question 26

hypoatremia means an _____ in ICFV?

Answer 26

increase

Question 27

Hyperatremia mean an ____ in ICFV?

Answer 27

decrease

Question 28

ANgiotensin 2 _______ during hypotension and helps preserve GFR by ______ ______ rather than _______ arteriole.

Answer 28

increases, constricting efferent, afferent

Question 29

Urine concentration in order for humans to have a good night sleep requires these two things:

Answer 29

thick ascending limb function and vasopressin action in the collecting duct

Question 30

Potassium excretion requires both ___ and adequate ___ delivery to the cortical collecting duct

Answer 30

aldosterone, sodium

Question 31

The proximal tubule is ____ and the collecting duct is _____

Answer 31

leaky, tight