Cardiology

Question 1

What is the passage of blood through the heart?

Answer 1

superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspic valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk and arteries to the lungs, oxygenated blood leave lungs through the pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicupid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, coronary arteries

Question 2

Why are funny channels funny?

Answer 2

because the are permeable to both K and Na and not calcium

Question 3

Why are cardiac action potentials unique?

Answer 3

because depolarization is caused by sodium and calcium

Question 4

____ causes pacemaker cells to initially depolarize, and in non-pacemaker cells ____ influx makes action potentials ___ with a plateau phase.

Answer 4

calcium, calcium, last longer

Question 5

depolarization means

Answer 5

an action potential

Question 6

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure?

Answer 6

diastolic *2 + systolic/3

Question 7

Resistance is increased by

Answer 7

higher viscosciy, a longer length and smaller radius*

Question 8

at the P wave

Answer 8

the atria repolarizes, and spreading of SA node signal

Question 9

the QRS complex is

Answer 9

ventricle depolarization

Question 10

T wave is ventricle

Answer 10

repolarization

Question 11

Second degree heart block is when the

Answer 11

signal is not making it to the AV node so multiple P waves to trigger QRS

Question 12

Third degree heart block ECG looks like

Answer 12

normal P but wide QRS

Question 13

Artial fibrillation on an ECG looks like

Answer 13

no P and no QRS

Question 14

the first and second heart sounds are from?

Answer 14

closure of AV valves and closing of semilunar valve

Question 15

blood pressures are lower on the ____ side of the body

Answer 15

right

Question 16

Diastole is when the ventricles are ____

Answer 16

relaxed

Question 17

Systole is when the ventricles are _____

Answer 17

contracted

Question 18

ESV = _______ ( __mL)

Answer 18

end of systole volume 65mL

Question 19

EDV = _______ (___ mL)

Answer 19

end diastole volume, 135

Question 20

Stroke volume = ____ and it is the amount of blood pumped by ____ in _______

Answer 20

EDV-ESV, a, 1 ventricle in 1 contraction

Question 21

Cardiac output =

Answer 21

heart rate * Stroke Volume

Question 22

What affects stroke volume?

Answer 22

preload of cardiac muscle cells, slow heartbeat/exercise, blood loss and rapid heartbeat

Question 23

Parasympathetic Nerves _____ the heart rate via the hormone _____

Answer 23

slow down, achetacholine

Question 24

Sympathetic nerves _____ the heart rate, through the hormone _____

Answer 24

increase, epinephrine

Question 25

the sympathetic fibers can also increase ____ but the parasympathetic fibres have no affect on this

Answer 25

contraction

Question 26

P wave to R is

Answer 26

atrial systole (starts to go into ventricles), conduction through AV node and AV bundle

Question 27

QRS to end of T

Answer 27

ventricular systole (leaving the ventricles)

Question 28

Between T and P

Answer 28

ventricular diastole (filling ventricles and then out to body)

Question 29

S-T segment the ventricles

Answer 29

contract

Question 30

T wave the ventricle

Answer 30

repolarizes

Question 31

If the sympathetic nervous system increase contraction this will ____ stroke volume

Answer 31

increase

Question 32

Net fluid pressure =

Answer 32

capillary pressure - interstitial fluid pressure - plasma colloid pressure + interstitial fluid colloid

Question 33

edema means that filtration is _____ than capillary absorption

Answer 33

greater

Question 34

Myocardial infraction is an elevated ___ interval

Answer 34

ST

Question 35

diurectics ____ blood volume

Answer 35

decrease

Question 36

if you block angiotensin 2 you decrease

Answer 36

vasoconstriction