exchange + transport Flashcards

Question

what happens in expiration

Answer 1

1)The external intercostal and diaphragm muscles relax. 2)The ribcage moves downwards and inwards and the diaphragm become curved again. 3) The thorax volume decreases, causing the air pressure to increase (to above atmospheric pressure). 4)Air is forced out of the lungs 5)Normal expiration is a passive process — it doesn't require energy. 6)Expiration can be forced though (e.g. if you want to blow out the candis on your birthday cake). During forced expiration, the internal intercosta muscles contract, to pull the ribcage down and in.

Answer 2

Chest cavity Lined with pleural membranes - space between these membranes is the pleural cavity - usually filled with lubricating fluid

Answer 3

A thin layer of solution of water, salts and lung surfactant When O2 diffuses out of the alveoli, it first dissolves in the water before diffusing into the blood. Water can also evaporate into the air in the alveoli

Answer 4

Phospholipid that coats the surfaces of the lungs -Without it, watery lining of alveoli would have surface tension so it makes it easier for lungs to expand -it prevents alveolar collapse when keeping alveoli open during exhalation.

Answer 5

Ensures alveoli aren’t deformed as they stretch (support)

Answer 6

Simple device that measures how much air can move out of (and therefore into) the lungs

Answer 7

more complex instrument-produces a graph ab the amount of air they breathe out n how quickly they breathe out

Answer 8

machine that can be used to investigate breathing, it can show readings of : tidal volume-volume of air in each breath(0.4dm3 typically) vital capacity-max volume of air breathed in or out breathing rate-how many breaths taken per unit time/per min oxygen uptake-rate at which a person uses up O2 /no of dm3 used per min

Answer 9

it has an oxygen filled chamber with a movable lid. Person using it, breathes through a tube connected to oxygen chamber.as person breathes in n out lid of chamber moves up n down.movements are recorded by a pen attached to lid of chamber creating a spirometer trace.or spirometer hooked to motion sensor-it w use movements to produce electronic signals which are picked up a by a data logger.soda lime in tube the subject breathes into absorbs co2.

Answer 10

total vol of gas in chamber dec over time because air breathed out is a mixture of o2 n co2.CO2 absorbed by soda lime-so there's only o2 in chamber which person inhales from.as O2 gets used up by respiration, total volume decreases

Answer 11

-person wear nose clip=ensures they can only breathe in n out through their mouth straight thru spirometer -machine must b airtight tooooo

Answer 12

to absorb co2 = it avoids buildup of co2 as if CO₂ not absorbed, it accumulates in spirometer, inc the vol of gas in system=inaccurate readings. ensures that only the consumption of oxygen is measured =gives a more accurate reading of how much oxygen is being used by the person during respiration

Answer 13

breathing rate-counting no of peaks in 1 min TV-finding amplitude at rest Vital capacity-finding max amplitude(distance between max n lowest) o2 uptake-dec in volume of gas in chamber(highest peak-lowest over a certain time)

Answer 14

inc fitness levels(mire fit u are), inc metabolic rate(more o2 need to supply demands of cells), inc ventilation(in moment breathing in n out deeply)

Answer 15

the max vol of air you can breathe in over n above normal inhalation

Answer 16

max vol of air you can force out of your lungs over n above the normal TV of air you breathe out

Answer 17

volume of air that's left in ur lungs when you have exhaled as hard as possible-cant be measured(air left you can't voluntary exhale so impossible to get out + u can't exhale all air from lungs or alveolar collapse as no air pressure)

Answer 18

sum of vital capacity and residual volume.total potential vol of air in lungs at any one time

Answer 19

lungs would collapse n tissues would stick tg BUTTTT can't happen as diaphragm n ribcage can't fully collapse as they don't rely on air pressure n trachea +bronchi have cartilage to hold it open and bronchioles n alveoli have elastic fibres,surfuctant to reduce surface tension too

Answer 20

lower conc of O2 in water than air.so fish have special adaptations to get enough of it cuz they have a high demand for it as they're active and this is done by the giiiillsssss which are specialized to take in o2 from water not air EFFICIENTLEY(than lungs)

Answer 21

o2 way more dense n viscuous in water w a lower conc so its inefficient to have lung style gaseous exchange which requires muscular co ordination instead-a continuous fresh flow of water needed.

Answer 22

Each gill is made up of lots of thin plates=gill filaments/ primary lamella which give a big blood supply n SA for exchange of gases(inc ROD). Gill filaments covered in tiny structures called gill plates which need a flow of water to keep em apart-increasing SA even more. Each gill supported by gill arch. gill plates/SL have lots of blood capillaries and thin surface layer of cells to speed up diffusion between the water n blood.

Answer 23

cuz gills are rich in blood, haemoglobin gives this colour

Answer 24

The lamellae provide a large SA where O2 can diffuse from the h20 into the fish's blood, and CO2 can diffuse out of the blood into the water. This is essential because gas exchange needs a large surface for efficient oxygen uptake. The lamellae are richly supplied with capillaries allowing for a close exchange of gases between the water and the fish’s bloodstream due to shorter distance. As water flows over the gills, O2 is absorbed, and CO2 is released.

Answer 25

through cycle of gill irrigation- 1)mouth opens 2)buccal cavity floors lowered 3)this inc volume and decreases pressure of the buccal activity compared to outside 4)water rushes into mouth down pressure gradient 5)opercular cavity expands 6)buccal cavity floor raised 7)pressure inside buccal cavity now higher in opercular activity 8)water moves from buccal cavity over the gills into opercular cavity 9)mouth now closed n operculum opens 10)sides of the opercular activity move inwards, inc pressure 11)water rushes out of fish through operculum staring cycle again

Answer 26

bony flap that protects gills from damage it control the flow of water over the gills. When the fish mouth to take in water, the operculum remains closed. As the mouth closes, the operculum opens, allowing water to exit and ensuring continuous water flow over the gills for gas exchange.

Answer 27

water n blood flowing in opposite directions.blood with a lower conc of O2 is always coming into contact with water that has a higher dissolved O2 concentration. the steep conc gradient for is maintained along the entire length of the gill structure facilitating maximum possible gas exchange so as much O2 diffuses into blood across lamellae so blood enters w low conc to high water flows towards gill plate w high conc n flows away w low conc

Answer 28

always a conc gradient between the water + blood across the entire length of the gill filament when they flow oppositely. so more o2 can continue to diffuse into blood from water, maintaining a steep conc gradient that ensures efficient oxygen uptake. the O2 conc in the water is always higher than in blood, even at the end of the gill filament. This constant gradient allows for more oxygen to move into the blood and more CO2 to diffuse out, = the gas exchange more efficient. countercurrent mechanism much more efficient than if the water and blood were flowing in the same direction (called concurrent flow), where the concentration gradient would quickly diminish, and gas exchange would be less effective.

Answer 29

single 2 chambered heart mixes deoxygenated and oxygenated blood lower pressure =allows time for diffusion

Answer 30

need to transport things like oxygen, nutrients, and waste around their bodies. They don't have blood like humans, but system of tubes = tracheae that deliver o2 directly to their cells. For other things, like nutrients and waste, they have a fluid called hemolymph that moves around their body to help keep everything working

Answer 31

air enters through SPIRACLES-openings in exoskeleton.each spiracle enters leads to a network of TRACHEA.lined w chitin to prevent collapse but don't allow gas exchange.trachea subdivides into TRACHEOLES.gases diffuse through network of tubes

Answer 32

gas enters and exits through spiracles.The rate of gas exchange can be controlled by sphincters-they open close n flutter they open as a response to low o2 levels or high o2 levels. as water vapour is a gas which can be its app said spiracles close to conserve water or reduce entry of parasitic fungal spores.

Answer 33

The trachea in insects is responsible for transporting air from the outside environment into the insect's body. Air enters through small openings called spiracles, and the trachea acts as the main tube that carries the air deeper into the body. The trachea then branches into smaller tubes

Answer 34

site of gaseous exchange between respiratory system n cells. theyre single cells w a lumen diameter of 0.6-0.8um n they don't have any chitin. They're filled with fluid so O2 dissolves n diffuses into cytoplasm of active cells whilst co2 diffuses from cell into tracheole.

Answer 35

when active, the lactic acid(from anaerobic respiration) builds up in respiring cells, causes a change in the osmotic balance between the cells and the surrounding tracheal fluid. Water moves into the cells due to osmosis, which may cause the surrounding tracheal fluid to shift. the tracheal fluid is drawn towards the cells, this movement can influence the gas/fluid interface in the insect's respiratory system (the tracheal tubes). adjustment of fluid levels can bring the tracheal tubes closer to the cells, reducing the distance o2 needs to diffuse across to reach cells+ inc SA of air in contact w the cells=faster more effective gas exchange which helps the insect get oxygen even when it's not breathing enough.

Answer 36

lactic acid

Answer 37

provide a reserve of air n are useful in helping conserve water; spiracles can be closes under high evaporative stress (when its hot dry n windy)to reduce water loss

Answer 38

open circulatory system-Instead of blood, insects have a fluid- hemolymph. Hemolymph flows through the body, bathing the cells n organs directly enabling diffusion of substances Insects have a simple tubular heart that pumps the hemolymph into a cavity called the hemocoel, which is the body cavity that holds the organs. The heart is located along the back of the insect's body.when the heart relaxes the haemolymph blood is sucked back via pores called Ostia Circulation: Hemolymph is pumped through the body, but it doesn't flow through veins and arteries like in humans. Instead, it moves freely in the body cavity and circulates around the organs.

Answer 39

it moves around the haemocoel due to the movement of the organism

Answer 40

1)segmented heart pumps haemolymph forward(contracts in a wave starting at the back) 2)haemolymph flows back into a single main artery 3)main artery opens up into body activity 4)haemolymph flows back through body activity 5)haemolymph returns to the heart through valves

Answer 41

small insects rely on diffusion larger insects use their abdominal muscles to flush air through tracheal system while opening some spiracles n closing some others

Answer 42

insect -air sacs is a reserve of air used in conserving water +reducing water loss.In mammals air sacs are used to exchange co2 +o2. insects have an open circulatory system.mammals have a double circulatory system insects -o2 enters via spiracles where mammals o2 enters through mouth and with a transport system. volume of fluid varies in insects depending on levels of 02 activity.it remains constant in mammals gas exchange structure in insects more branched due to several spiracles vs 1 mouth+nose.

Answer 43

1)place chosen fish(perch/salmon eg)on a dissection tray 2)push back operculum n use scissors to carefully remove the gills.cut each gill arch through the bone at top n bottom 3)you can closely see gill filaments 4)finish off by drawing n labelling it

Answer 44

1)firstly fix the insect(grasshoppers/cockroach)to a dissecting board and put dissecting pins through its leg to hold it in place 2)to examine trachae.carefully cut n remove piece of exoskeleton(insects hard outer shell) from along length of insects abdomen 3)use syringe to fill abdomen w saline solution.you should see network of thin silvery grey tubes-trachea.they look silver cuz they're filled w air. 4)u can mount tracheae on a wet mount microscope and examine under a light microscope.The trachaea w appear silver.you should see rings of chitin in walls of tracheae(there for support)

Answer 45

scissors=precise cutting, safer than scalpels as blades less likely to snap under pressure. tweezers-for microscope dp-hold specimen in place scalpel-have sharp detachable blade used for fine cuts. these all should be clean and sharp n unrusty=blunt is bad n dangerous