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Biology year 12 > exchange systems > Flashcards

exchange systems Flashcards

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1
Q

How to calculate SA:V

A

SA / V

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2
Q

what organisms have a large SA:V?

A

Smaller organisms/ single cell organisms given that their cell membranes are relatively thin

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3
Q

How are larger organisms exchange systems specialised for high activity demands?

A

xylem and phloem transport water and solutes and the blood and circulatory system transports glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide

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4
Q

Why is heat exchange required in organisms?

A

So that enzymes don’t denature causing the 3D tertiary protein structure to be damaged

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5
Q

What is a suitable medium to transport substances in organisms?

A

Blood

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6
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

Closed systems to transport the medium with branches to reach all parts of the organisms body

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7
Q

What is the role of the heart in transport systems?

A

Mechanism to provide a pressure difference between parts of the system to keep things moving

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8
Q

What is the role of the valves?

A

A mechanism to maintain the movement of the medium

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9
Q

How is the alveoli adapted for efficient exchange?

A

Thin walls for a short diffusion pathway
Alveolus with a low CO2 conc and high O2 conc to maintain a concentration gradient

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10
Q

How does a partially permeable membrane benefit exchange rates?

A

Allows selected materials to diffuse easily

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11
Q

How does a moist and warm environment benefit exchange rates?

A

Warmth increases the kinetic energy of particles, moisture allows gasses to diffuse

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12
Q

How does movement of internal and external mediums allow exchange of gasses?

A

Maintains a diffusion gradient

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13
Q

Why do terrestrial insects suffer with dehydration?

A

They have a waterproof covering and a small SA:V, minimising gas exchange

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14
Q

What are tracheae and what do they do?

A

Tubes that penetrate in the body carrying air to each tissue- maintaining a diffusion gradient

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15
Q

What are tracheoles?

A

Branched tissues

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16
Q

What are spiracles?

A

Openings in the body surface leading to the tracheae- can be closed to prevent water loss

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17
Q

What is abdominal pumping?

A

Body contractions that speed up the gasses from the tracheae to the cells

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18
Q

Why must water flow continuously in fish?

A

To maintain a concentration gradient for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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19
Q

Role of gill filaments

A

To provide fish with water providing them oxygen

20
Q

Role of lamellae?

A

Stacked to increase surface area

21
Q

What is a counter current flow?

A

Water is taken in through the mouth, and passed over the gills and out the openings in the body. Water flows in the opposite direction to blood maintaining conc gradient

22
Q

What is a concurrent flow and why is in not efficient?

A

Blood and water flow across the body in the same direction and will eventually reach an equilibrium meaning fish will not gain oxygen and die

23
Q

How are leaves thin a benefit for photosynthesis?

A

Short diffusion pathway so gasses can reach cells easily

24
Q

How do lots of chloroplasts help photosynthesis?

A

Located at the top of the cell to absorb light and air

25
Q

How do veins help photosynthesis?

A

Carry water to cells and glucose carried away

26
Q

Role of stomata?

A

Open and close through guard cells to let water and air pass in and out

27
Q

What are xerophytes?

A

Plants adapted to live in dryer conditions

28
Q

How do thick waxy cuticles benefit xerophytes?

A

Increase the diffusion distance so less chance of gasses leaving

29
Q

How do hairs on leaves benefit xerophytes?

A

Traps water vapour next to the surface- water potential is reduced

30
Q

How do curled leaves benefit xerophytes?

A

stomata’s are trapped so transpiration is reduced

31
Q

How do sunken stomata’s benefit xerophytes?

A

Traps water vapour on the underside of the leaf

32
Q

How to work out Frick’s law of diffusion?

A

Diffusion = (surface area x difference in concentration) / length of diffusion pathway

33
Q

What is each alveoli lined with?

A

Flattened layer of epithelial cells

34
Q

Why is it beneficial that capillaries are narrow?

A

So that travelling RBC’s are flattened and can squeeze through. It also helps to slow down the pace of RBC’s increasing surface area for diffusion

35
Q

Describe the squamous epithelia and where it is found

A

they are found in the tissues and are the only cells which are; Flat, smooth, thin, packed closely together and found in the linings of cheeks, blood vessels and heart chambers

36
Q

Why is it important that the surface of the epithelial cells are low friction?

A

Decreases the chance of clots forming

37
Q

How does slow passing RBC’s increase diffusion rate?

A

More time for gas exchange

38
Q

How do flattened RBC’s help diffusion rate?

A

reduces the distance between alveoli and capillaries creating a short diffusion pathway

39
Q

How do thin wall help diffusion rate?

A

Decrease diffusion pathway

40
Q

How do alveoli folds help diffusion rate?

A

increases the surface area

41
Q

How does ventilation and circulation help diffusion rate?

A

Maintains a concentration gradient

42
Q

Describe the process of inspiration

A

The internal intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract whilst internal muscles remain relaxed
Volume of thorax increases as diaphragm flattens
Pressure of the thorax decreases as volume increases
The pressure of the air is higher pressure than in the thorax
Active process and requires energy

43
Q

Describe the process of expiration

A

external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
Volume of the thorax decreases as diaphragm becomes domed
Pressure in the thorax increases as volume decreases
Pressure in air is lower than in the thorax
Air is forced out the lungs

44
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

The measure of the amount of air moved into the lungs in a minute

45
Q

Calculation of pulmonary ventilation

A

tidal volume x ventilation rate

Biology year 12 (8 decks)

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