Biological Molecules

Question 1

What is A polysaccharide?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates made from more than one monomer

Question 2

Structure and function of starch

Answer 2

Chains of alpha glucose , storage of glucose

Question 3

Two types of alpha glucose polysaccharides?

Answer 3

Amylose & amylopectin

Question 4

Structure and function of amylose?

Answer 4

Long, unbranched, coiled structure good for storage

Question 5

Structure and function of amylopectin?

Answer 5

Long, branched. Side branches allow enzymes to attach and breakdown glycosidic bond so glucose can be released easily

Question 6

How is it beneficial that starch is insoluble?

Answer 6

Insoluble in water so it doesn’t effect water potential causing osmosis and swelling of cells

Question 7

Function and structure of glycogen?

Answer 7

Stored, excess glucose, side branches

Question 8

Structure and function of cellulose?

Answer 8

Long, unbranched beta glucose forming straight cellulose chainslinked toform microfilms

Question 9

Test of starch?

Answer 9

Iodine in potassium iodide solution, turns from orange to blue black

Question 10

describe how a protein is produced and provide an example

Answer 10

All enzymes are proteins; ATP hydrolase ATP synthase…
All enzymes are polymers and are bonded together by covalent bonds

Question 11

what are carbohydrates made out of

Answer 11

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Monosaccharides

Question 12

What is maltose made up of?

Answer 12

Glucose + Glucose

Question 13

What is sucrose made up of?

Answer 13

Glucose + Fructose

Question 14

What is lactose made up of

Answer 14

Glucose + galactose

Question 15

Test for reducing sugars?

Answer 15

Add substance to boiling tube
Add benedict’s solution
Place in boiling water for 3-5 mins
Remains blue = non reducing
Brick red = reducing

Question 16

Test for non reducing sugars?

Answer 16

Boil new substance in hydrochloric acid
Neutralise by adding sodium hydrogen carbonate
if solution remains present then no sugar is present

Question 17

Examples of polysaccharide?

Answer 17

glycogen, starch and cellulose

Question 18

Examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 18

glucose, galactose and fructose

Question 19

Examples of disaccharides?

Answer 19

Maltose, sucrose and lactose

Question 20

Test for starch?

Answer 20

place a sample on to spotting tile
Add drops of iodine in potassium iodide solution
If starch is present, solution will turn blue-black

Question 21

What protein structure is an amino acid sequence?

Answer 21

Primary structure

Question 22

What bonds are found in the secondary structure?

Answer 22

Hydrogen

Question 23

Common structures in secondary structure?

Answer 23

alpha helix
beta pleated sheet

Question 24

is the secondary structure weak or stable?

Answer 24

Stable

Question 25

What are R groups?

Answer 25

side chains of amino acids interactions cause 3D structure

Question 26

What are the three bonds that hold the 3D tertiary structure?

Answer 26

Hydrogen, disulphide bridges and ionic bonds

Question 27

What is the structures of 3D

Answer 27

coiled or folded

Question 28

How does the pH level effect enzymes?

Answer 28

Increasing or decreasing the pH outside of an optimal range can affect the chemical bonds withing the active site and enzyme will denature Hydroxide ions and hydrogen ions numbers will change effecting bonding and changing shape of the tertiary structure

Question 29

How does temperature effect enzymes?

Answer 29

Increasing temp increases the kinetic energy of the molecules, increasing the chance of collisions between the enzymes and substrate, increasing the temp by 10 degrees will double rate of reaction

Question 30

how can the number of competitive inhibitors be decreased?

Answer 30

Increase the concentration of substrates

Question 31

What bond joins triglycerides?

Answer 31

ester bonds

Question 32

which amino acid does not contain an R group?

Answer 32

Glycine

Question 33

Name some roles of water

Answer 33

Reactant in cells Structural support in cells Keeps organisms cool

Question 34

What are the 5 properties of water?

Answer 34

- good metabolite - high heat capacity - heat of vaporisation - cohesive - good solvent

Question 35

What is the type of bonding in water?

Answer 35

Hydrogen bonding

Question 36

what three elements make up carbohydrates?

Answer 36

Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon

Question 37

What does isomer mean?

Answer 37

Same general formula, different structure e.g. Alpha and Beta glucose

Question 38

What is the general formula of alpha and beta glucose?

Answer 38

C6H12O6

Question 39

What are the bonds within Amylose?

Answer 39

1,4 hydrogen bonds

Question 40

Why are B glucose molecules flipped?

Answer 40

They are flipped 180 so that the OH molecules are in the same plane to form a reaction

Question 41

3 types of proteins and one exapmle

Answer 41

Fibrous= collagen Globular= Haemoglobin Conjugated= catalase

Question 42

Why is it beneficial for fibrous proteins to be insoluble?

Answer 42

high proportion of hydrophobic amino acids