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Biology year 12 > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is A polysaccharide?

A

Carbohydrates made from more than one monomer

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2
Q

Structure and function of starch

A

Chains of alpha glucose , storage of glucose

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3
Q

Two types of alpha glucose polysaccharides?

A

Amylose & amylopectin

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4
Q

Structure and function of amylose?

A

Long, unbranched, coiled structure good for storage

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5
Q

Structure and function of amylopectin?

A

Long, branched. Side branches allow enzymes to attach and breakdown glycosidic bond so glucose can be released easily

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6
Q

How is it beneficial that starch is insoluble?

A

Insoluble in water so it doesn’t effect water potential causing osmosis and swelling of cells

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7
Q

Function and structure of glycogen?

A

Stored, excess glucose, side branches

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8
Q

Structure and function of cellulose?

A

Long, unbranched beta glucose forming straight cellulose chainslinked toform microfilms

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9
Q

Test of starch?

A

Iodine in potassium iodide solution, turns from orange to blue black

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10
Q

describe how a protein is produced and provide an example

A

All enzymes are proteins; ATP hydrolase ATP synthase…
All enzymes are polymers and are bonded together by covalent bonds

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11
Q

what are carbohydrates made out of

A

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Monosaccharides

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12
Q

What is maltose made up of?

A

Glucose + Glucose

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13
Q

What is sucrose made up of?

A

Glucose + Fructose

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14
Q

What is lactose made up of

A

Glucose + galactose

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15
Q

Test for reducing sugars?

A

Add substance to boiling tube
Add benedict’s solution
Place in boiling water for 3-5 mins
Remains blue = non reducing
Brick red = reducing

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16
Q

Test for non reducing sugars?

A

Boil new substance in hydrochloric acid
Neutralise by adding sodium hydrogen carbonate
if solution remains present then no sugar is present

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17
Q

Examples of polysaccharide?

A

glycogen, starch and cellulose

18
Q

Examples of monosaccharides?

A

glucose, galactose and fructose

19
Q

Examples of disaccharides?

A

Maltose, sucrose and lactose

20
Q

Test for starch?

A

place a sample on to spotting tile
Add drops of iodine in potassium iodide solution
If starch is present, solution will turn blue-black

21
Q

What protein structure is an amino acid sequence?

A

Primary structure

22
Q

What bonds are found in the secondary structure?

A

Hydrogen

23
Q

Common structures in secondary structure?

A

alpha helix
beta pleated sheet

24
Q

is the secondary structure weak or stable?

A

Stable

25
Q

What are R groups?

A

side chains of amino acids
interactions cause 3D structure

26
Q

What are the three bonds that hold the 3D tertiary structure?

A

Hydrogen, disulphide bridges and ionic bonds

27
Q

What is the structures of 3D

A

coiled or folded

28
Q

How does the pH level effect enzymes?

A

Increasing or decreasing the pH outside of an optimal range can affect the chemical bonds withing the active site and enzyme will denature
Hydroxide ions and hydrogen ions numbers will change effecting bonding and changing shape of the tertiary structure

29
Q

How does temperature effect enzymes?

A

Increasing temp increases the kinetic energy of the molecules, increasing the chance of collisions between the enzymes and substrate, increasing the temp by 10 degrees will double rate of reaction

30
Q

how can the number of competitive inhibitors be decreased?

A

Increase the concentration of substrates

31
Q

What bond joins triglycerides?

A

ester bonds

32
Q

which amino acid does not contain an R group?

A

Glycine

33
Q

Name some roles of water

A

Reactant in cells
Structural support in cells
Keeps organisms cool

34
Q

What are the 5 properties of water?

A
  • good metabolite
  • high heat capacity
  • heat of vaporisation
  • cohesive
  • good solvent
35
Q

What is the type of bonding in water?

A

Hydrogen bonding

36
Q

what three elements make up carbohydrates?

A

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon

37
Q

What does isomer mean?

A

Same general formula, different structure e.g. Alpha and Beta glucose

38
Q

What is the general formula of alpha and beta glucose?

A

C6H12O6

39
Q

What are the bonds within Amylose?

A

1,4 hydrogen bonds

40
Q

Why are B glucose molecules flipped?

A

They are flipped 180 so that the OH molecules are in the same plane to form a reaction

41
Q

3 types of proteins and one exapmle

A

Fibrous= collagen
Globular= Haemoglobin
Conjugated= catalase

42
Q

Why is it beneficial for fibrous proteins to be insoluble?

A

high proportion of hydrophobic amino acids

Biology year 12 (8 decks)

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