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Cardiovascular System > Exchange and the Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Exchange and the Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

How are capillaries specialised for exchange

A

Lots of them
Thin walled - diffusion barrier
Small diameter - large area:volume ratio

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2
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Have no clefts or pores or only clefts

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3
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Have clefts and pores

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4
Q

Discontinuous capillaries

A

Clefts and massive pores

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5
Q

By what methods to capillaries exchange material

A

Diffusion and carrier-mediated transport (blood-brain barrier)

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6
Q

Diffusion in capillaries

A

Self-regulating
Non-saturable
Non-polar substances across membrane
Polar substances through clefts/channels

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7
Q

Bulk-flow

A

Mass exchange of fluid

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8
Q

Effect of hydrostatic pressure in capillaries

A

Pushes fluid through the leaky capillaries, building up an osmotic (oncotic) pressure

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9
Q

Effect of osmotic (oncotic) pressure in capillaries

A

Draws fluid back into capillaries

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10
Q

Starlings forces

A

Balance of hydrostatic and osmotic pressures

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11
Q

Volume of fluid lost from capillaries per day

A

20L

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12
Q

Volume of fluid regained in capillaries per day

A

17L

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13
Q

Remaining fluid in capillaries

A

3L

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14
Q

The excess fluid is drained via

A

The lymphatic system

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15
Q

Oedema

A

Accumulation of excess fluid

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16
Q

Causes of oedema

A

Lymphatic obstruction
Raised central venous pressure (CVP)
Hypoproteimemia
Increased capillary permeability

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17
Q

How can resistance of vessels be controlled

A

By changing the radius

18
Q

Resistance vessels are the

A

Arterioles

19
Q

Arteriolar radius affects

A

Peripheral blood flow and total peripheral resistance so MAP

20
Q

Fundamental equation of cardiovascular physiology

A

MAP = CO x TPR

21
Q

Mean arterial pressure is important as it

A

Provides the driving force that pushes blood through useful places in the body

22
Q

Darcy’s law

A

Flow = ΔPressure/Resistance

23
Q

Intrinsic mechanisms

A

Concerned with meeting the selfish needs of each individual tissue

24
Q

Extrinsic mechanisms

A

Concerned with ensuring that the TPR and so MAP of the whole body stay in the right ball park

25
Q

Extrinsic control via sympathetic nerves

A

Release noradrenaline, binds to alpha1 receptors, causes arteriolar constriction, decreases flow through that tissue and increases TPR increasing MAP

26
Q

Extrinsic control via parasympathetic nerves

A

Usually no effect

27
Q

Extrinsic control of most tissues via hormones

A

Adrenaline released from adrenal medulla, binds to alpha1 receptors, causes arteriolar constriction, decreases flow and increases TPR so MAP

28
Q

Extrinsic control of skeletal and cardiac muscle via hormones

A

Adrenaline released from adrenal medulla, binds to beta2 receptors, arteriolar dilation, increases flow and decreases TPR so MAP

29
Q

Active (metabolic) hyperaemia is a result of

A

A build up of metabolites in blood vessels

30
Q

Intrinsic control via active (metabolic) hyperaemia

A

Release of EDRF/NO, arteriolar dilation, increase flow to wash out metabolites

31
Q

EDRF and NO are

A

Paracrines

32
Q

Pressure (flow) autoregulation is a result of

A

A decrease in MAP which causes a decrease in flow causing metabolites to accumulate

33
Q

Intrinsic control via pressure (flow) autoregulation

A

Release of EDRF/NO, arteriolar dilation, flow restored to normal

34
Q

Intrinsic control via reactive hyperaemia

A

Obstruction of blood supply causes a subsequent increase in blood flow

35
Q

Intrinsic control via the injury response

A

Mast cells release histamine, causes arteriolar dilation, increased blood flow and permeability

36
Q

Aim of the injury response

A

To aid delivery of blood born leucocytes etc to injured area

37
Q

Specialised coronary circulation

A

Blood supply is interrupted by systole, excellent hyperaemia and expression of many beta2 receptors swamp any sympathetic arteriolar constriction

38
Q

Specialised cerebral circulation

A

Needs to be kept stable, shows excellent pressure autoregulation

39
Q

Specialised pulmonary circulation

A

Decrease on oxygen causes arteriolar constriction which is opposite to most tissues, ensured blood directed to best ventilated parts of lungs

40
Q

Specialised renal circulation

A

Main function is filtration which depends on pressure so MAP would have big effects on blood volume, shows excellent pressure autoregulation

Cardiovascular System (27 decks)

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