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deanne's - NEURO (neuroscience) > EXAM_neuro - quiz 3 (w12) > Flashcards

EXAM_neuro - quiz 3 (w12) Flashcards

1
Q

Select the statement that best describes interactions of the gut-brain axis in a living animal.

A

maybe this is correct???
- Germ-free mice show less anxiety-like behaviours
which suggests that
- microbes are evolutionarily essential for SURVIVAL

X
The biologically active microbial components of the gut-brain axis that contribute to successful faecal transplant outcomes in patients are now commercially available and approved as treatments.

?
Stress pathways are not involved in gut-brain axis activity because the relevant hormones do not penetrate the mucosal barrier of the gastrointestinal tract

?
Archaea comprise the largest component of the gut microbial population and are important for gut function due to their ability to survive in extreme environments

?
Neurons and bacteria do not interact because they are separated by the blood-brain- barrier.

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT a site of CSF absorption?

A

Choroid plexus

is NOT a site of CSF absorption

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3
Q

Which artery provides the primary blood supply to the globus pallidus?

A

(Lenticulostriate branches of the)

- middle cerebral artery

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4
Q
  • RECURRANT artery of Heubner,
    arising as a (large branch) from the
  • anterior CEREBRAL artery,

supplies the ..

A

caudate nucleus.

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5
Q

Which of the following statements about cerebral veins is CORRECT:

They are interlinked with…

A

They are interlinked with

…anastomoses

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6
Q

Which of the following statements about cavernous sinus thrombosis is CORRECT:

Is initiated by…

A

Is initiated by

…an infection

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7
Q

Which neurotransmitter is chiefly reduced in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Acetylcholine

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8
Q

Which of the following is the likely cause of vascular dementia?

A

inadequate blood flow to the brain

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9
Q

Which neurotransmitters are thought to be most important in pathology of depression?

A
  • Noradrenaline
    and
  • serotonin
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10
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the cerebral cortex is correct?

Higher-order integrative cortical areas are called..

A

Higher-order integrative cortical areas are called

…association cortices

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11
Q

Which of the following is an example of declarative memory?

A

The memory of remembering

- past events

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12
Q

Which of the following drugs would be most appropriate to treat long-lasting anxiety disorders?

A

Antidepressants

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13
Q

What is the major pathology observed in motor neuron disease?

A

Death of
- upper
and
- lower (motor neurons)

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14
Q

Which of the following is CNS serotonin most important in?

A

mood

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15
Q

Which answer best describes the underlying causes and/or treatments of Hirschsprung’s Disease and Cholera?

Hirschsprung’s Disease and Cholera are caused by ..

A

Hirschsprung’s Disease and Cholera are caused by
…neurodevelopmental defects and
…bacterial infection,
respectively

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16
Q

What causes the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

A

Stress

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17
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is released from the

A

Anterior pituitary

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18
Q

Which of the following arteries is NOT a part of the circle of Willis:

A

Basilar artery

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19
Q

Severe carotid stenosis may be treated surgically via

A

Endarterectomy

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20
Q

Which of the following disorders is characterized by disinhibitive behaviour?

A

bipolar disorder

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21
Q

Which of the following statements concerning drug withdrawal is correct?

Drug withdrawal can cause both..

A

Drug withdrawal can cause both
..physical and
..mood disturbances

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22
Q

Which of the following statements regarding Alzheimer’s disease is correct?

At post-mortem, gross degeneration can be seen in the …

A

At post-mortem, gross degeneration can be seen in the
..temporal,
..parietal and
..frontal lobes

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23
Q

When considering the acute actions of drugs on neurotransmitter systems, which of the following pairs of drugs and neurotransmitters is INCORRECT?

  • Amphetamine is NOT paired with
A

.. serotonin

*because
amphetamine is paired with
- reverses dopamine TRANSPORTERS
- increases dopamine in CLEFT

DA= dopamine

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24
Q

Which of the following is NOT thought to be an effect of chronic administration of an addictive substance?

chronic admin. of addictive subs. does NOT cause
increases production of..

A

chronic admin. of addictive subs. does NOT cause
increases production of

..serotonin transporter

(*is NOT an effect of chronic used of addictive subs.)

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25
Q

what IS thought to be an effect of chronic administration of an addictive substance? *4

  1. DECREASE
  2. DOWN-REGULATION
  3. syndrome
  4. DYSFUNCTION
A
  1. DECREASE
    - dopamine mediated NEUROTRANSMISSION
  2. DOWN-REGULATION
    - of SYNTHESIS OF RECEPTORS
  3. Korsakoff’s syndrome
  4. DYSFUNCTION
    - of the brain’s STRESS RESPONSE system

*Korsakoff syndrome:
is a chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B-1). Korsakoff syndrome is most commonly caused by alcohol misuse, but certain other conditions also can cause the syndrome.

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26
Q

Which of the following techniques are used to identify changes in enteric neural activity?

A
  1. Patch clamp electrophysiology

2. (video imaging of) ex-vivo colonic motility

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27
Q

Which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A

both A& B

a- Oxytocin
b- Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)

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28
Q

The brain is covered by one or more layers of ensheathing tissue. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

There is usually no space between the..

A

There is usually no space between the

  • dura mater and
  • arachnoid membrane

*because the is the “potential space” (sudural space/cavity causes by pathology = subdural hematoma, ruptured VEIN)

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29
Q

Cranial nerves that pass through the cavernous sinus include:

A

II, IV and V2

  • optic
  • trochlea
  • trigeminal (maxillary V2 division)
30
Q

Select the correct statement

Axonal damage is thought to be responsible for the..

A

Axonal damage is thought to be responsible for the

..permanent neurological deficits observed in multiple sclerosis

31
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?

Antidepressant medications do not..

A

Antidepressant medications do not

..acutely improve mood

32
Q

Which of the following is NOT observed to change during structural plasticity?

the thickness of ..

A

the thickness of

..myelin

33
Q

Which of the following statements regarding schizophrenia is INCORRECT?

It is NOT true that ..Deficits in working memory are..

A

*** it is NOT true that..

Deficits in working memory are

..not commonly seen and may be unrelated to the primary disease

34
Q

correct statements about schizophrenia *4

  1. Positive symptoms include auditory..
  2. Negative symptoms include..
  3. Cognitive deficits include problems with..
  4. sufferers exhibit..
A
  1. Positive symptoms include auditory HALLUCINATIONS
  2. Negative symptoms include ANHEDONIA
  3. Cognitive deficits include problems with EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
  4. sufferers exhibit PARANOID DELUSIONS
35
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia *8

A

Negative symptoms include

  1. blunting of affect,
  2. poverty of speech and thought,
  3. apathy,
  4. anhedonia,
  5. reduced social drive,
  6. loss of motivation,
  7. lack of social interest, and
  8. inattention to social or cognitive input.
36
Q

simple eg. of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia *2

A

Positive symptoms include
1. auditory hallucinations

Negative symptoms include
2. anhedonia

37
Q

simple eg. of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia *2

A

Positive symptoms include
1. auditory hallucinations

Negative symptoms include
2. anhedonia

38
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia *3

A

positive

  1. hallucinations,
  2. delusions
  3. racing thoughts
39
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia *3

A

negative

  1. apathy
  2. lack of emotion
  3. poor or nonexistant social functioning
40
Q

cognative symptoms of schizophrenia *4

A

cognitive

  1. disorganized thoughts
  2. difficulty concentrating and/or following instructions
  3. difficulty completing tasks
  4. memory problems
41
Q

Which of the following statements about the structure and function of the Autonomic Nervous System is correct?

The Sympathetic Nervous System is responsible for..

A

The Sympathetic Nervous System is responsible for the

..‘flight or fight’ response

42
Q

What functions does the hypothalamus regulate? *4

A

.. All of the above

  1. Thermoregulation
  2. Feeding
  3. Stress
  4. Autonomic responses
43
Q

Which ones of the following pituitary hormones are part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis?

A

both B and D

b - Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
d- Luteinising hormone (LH)

44
Q

Which cells make up the physical barrier between the blood and the brain (blood-brain barrier)?

A

The endothelial cells of brain capillaries

45
Q

Which of the following disorders is Lewy body dementia is associated with?

A

Parkinson’s disease

46
Q

Which of the following brain areas is NOT part of the temporal lobe?

A

Hypothalamus

47
Q

the temporal lobe

includes *4

A
  1. Entorhinal cortex
  2. Perirhinal cortex
  3. Parahippocampal cortex
  4. Hippocampus
48
Q

Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?

A

An anticipatory biological response

eg

  1. dog trained to drool with bell
  2. person trained for arousal with a cue
49
Q

Which of the following terms means the same thing as implicit memory ?

A

Non-declarative memory

50
Q

Which of the following statements about the structure and function of the Enteric Nervous System is INCORRECT?

it is incorrect that -
The myenteric plexus largely regulates secretion of ..
and the submucosal plexus regulates..

A

The myenteric plexus largely regulates secretion of

..electrolytes

..motility

  • because is opposite
  • myenteric = motility
  • submucosal = electrolytes
51
Q

Which of the following is NOT a site of CSF absorption?

A

Choroid plexus

52
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the brain and CSF is CORRECT?

CSF passes into the venous circulation via..

A

CSF passes into the venous circulation via

..the arachnoid granulations

53
Q

Which of the following is a common vascular complication of a blow to the head?

A

Epidural hematoma

54
Q

epidural vs subdural hematomas

Epidural and subdural. Trauma to be brain can be associated with both epidural and subdural hematomas, among other injuries.

A

EPIDURAL/ extradural (RED) bleeding occurs between the
– skull and dura;
(*RED fast, skull fracture, fill arterial blood, concave brain image, temporal or temporoparietal, middle meningeal a., dura pushed away by hematoma)

SUBDURAL (BLUE) bleeding occurs between the
– dura and arachnoid.
(BLUE slow, with venous blood, crescent brain image, entire brain, torn brigding vein from venous sinus)**worse prognosis

*subdural space (or subdural cavity):
is a POTENTIAL SPACE that can be opened by the separation of the
- arachnoid mater from the
- dura mater
as the result of trauma, between these two normally adhered layers are veins

*extradural space:
is a POTENTIAL SPACE btw
-dura mater and
- skull
as a result of trauma, as usually the dura mater is attached to the periosteum
This is in contrast to the *epidural space of the spinal cord which contains epidural fat, lymphatics, blood vessels, and nerve roots 1, 2.

55
Q

Ideally, a validated animal model of disease would exhibit: *3

A
  1. Face and
  2. construct validity as well as a
  3. response to known clinical treatments
56
Q

Which neurotransmitter is chiefly reduced in Alzheimer’s disease?


A

Acetylcholine

57
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the brain and CSF is CORRECT?

CSF passes into the VENOUS circulation via..

A

CSF passes into the venous circulation via the

..arachnoid granulations

58
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain is CORRECT?

People with the short form of the 5-HT transporter are more susceptible to..

A

People with the short form of the 5-HT transporter are more susceptible to

..depression following stressful life-events

59
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP) depends on which of the following?

Ca2+ influx via..

  • long-term potentiation (LTP):
  • is a long-lasting strengthening of synapses between nerve cells.
  • Psychologists use LTP to explain long-term memories.
  • First discovered by Terje Lømo in 1966,
A

Ca2+ influx via

..NMDA receptors

*NMDA;
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells. The NMDA receptor is one of three types of ionotropic glutamate receptors. The other receptors are the AMPA and kainate receptors.

60
Q

Which hormone is released within seconds upon activation of the HPA axis?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

61
Q

pair drugs with
effects on chemicals and/or pathways

  • cocaine effect on brain?
A

cocaine

- dopamine REUPTAKE BLOCKER

62
Q

pair drugs with
effects on chemicals and/or pathways

  • amphetamine effect on brain?
A

amphetamine

  • reverses dopamine transporters
  • increases dopamine in cleft
63
Q

pair drugs with
effects on chemicals and/or pathways

  • cannabis effect on brain?
A

cannabis
- CB1 cannabinoid receptors AGONIST

*An agonist:
is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response. Whereas an agonist causes an action, an antagonist blocks the action of the agonist, and an inverse agonist causes an action opposite to that of the agonist.

64
Q

pair drugs with
effects on chemicals and/or pathways

opiates effect on brain?

A

opiates

  • μ (mu) and δ (delta) opioid receptor AGONIST

*An agonist:
is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response. Whereas an agonist causes an action, an antagonist blocks the action of the agonist, and an inverse agonist causes an action opposite to that of the agonist.

65
Q

pair drugs with
effects on chemicals and/or pathways

nicotine effect on the brain?

A

nicotine effects

  • cholinergic nicotinic (receptors)

*cholinergic:
relating to or denoting nerve cells in which acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter.

66
Q

pair drugs with
effects on chemicals and/or pathways

  • alcohol effect on brain?
A
  • glutamate and

- GABA indirect ANTAGONIST

67
Q

addictive drugs
distinct effects on the body

  • cocaine
A

produces feelings of

- PLEASURE

68
Q

addictive drugs
distinct effects on the body

  • alcohol
A

reduce levels of

- ANXIETY

69
Q

addictive drugs
distinct effects on the body

  • nicotine
A

enhance

- PERFORMANCE

70
Q

essentially all drugs of abuse causes increase in dopamine within the ..

initially leading to..

chronic admin. leads to ..

suggesting that there is _ in the brain

  • 2
    1. receptor synthesis..
    2. exhaustion of
A

increase in dopamine within the
… mesocorticolimbic dopamine system

initially leading to
.. inc. dopamine neurotransmission

chronic admin. leads to
… decreases in dopamine neurotransmission

suggesting
..there is sensitization in the brain

  1. receptor synth. could be DOWNREGULATED, LOST, SENSITISED
  2. EXHAUSTION of chem. mediators or transmitters
71
Q

essentially all drugs of abuse causes

dysregulation of ..

which area involved with
preoccupation/anticipation/craving?

A

dysregulation of
.. “stress” system

  • hippocampus may be involved with
    “CONTEXTUAL CUES”
    (ie. the “trigger” that starts the craving)

deanne's - NEURO (neuroscience) (16 decks)

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