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deanne's - NEURO (neuroscience) > 7.1 - Pain pt 1 > Flashcards

7.1 - Pain pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

pain is essential for..*2 warns of …*3

A
  1. maintenance 2. survival of an individual 1. danger of bodily harm 2. alerts to trauma / injury 3. signals - unhealthy conditions - inflam. tiss
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2
Q

IASP def - pain:

A

unplesants -sensory -emotional experience assoc w - actual - or potential tiss damage or described in terms of such damage (merskey 1986)

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3
Q

sensory receptors -funct

A
  1. info about enviro 2. detect spec. type of -info -or ext. cue via -spec sensory endings 3. receptors convert - physical energy int electrochemical activation of assoc neuron
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4
Q

one spec. receptor in the epidermis is for …

A

pain receptors

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5
Q

other receptors in the dermis are for

A
  1. heat 2. light tough 3. cold 4. hair mov 5. strong pressure
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6
Q

nociceptors: (latin - nocere = to injure)

A

receptors that respond selectively to -noxious - or potent. damaging stim.

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7
Q

describe - nociceptors

A
  1. periph free endings of -primary sensory neurons 2. cell bodies loc. - dorsal root - trigem ganglia 3. (unlike other somat.sens. recep. nocicep. are - poorly differentiated - lack the structures for filtering periph. stim.
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8
Q

nociceptors - firing - noxious stim - duration and freq of burst det. by..*2

A

do not fire spontaneously at rest when noxious stim. is of suffic. str. it - depolarises the nociceptor membrain duration and freq. of burst -determined by 1. duration 2. intensity of nox. stim

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9
Q

experiments in the 30s and 60s - determined pain was signalled by?

A
  1. A-Delta fibres (sm diam. thinly myelinated) 2. C-Fibres (sm diam. unmyelinated)
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10
Q

describe - a-delta fibres - c-fibres

A
  1. A-Delta fibres - well localised sensations of - sharp - prickling 2. C-Fibres - poorly localised - dull - diffuse - persistent
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11
Q

nociceptors - 3 kinds of stimuli ca activate

A
  1. mechanical _(squash facet joint) 2. thermal _(burn on stove) 3. chemical _(hot chill capsacin molecule)
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12
Q

nociceptors - densely populated in ..*8

A
  1. skin 2. mus 3. bone 4. joint capsules 5. viscera 6. blood vessels 7. meninges 8. peripheral nerve sheath
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13
Q

nociceptors - not found in ..*7

A
  1. articular cartilage 2. synovial memb. 3. lung parenchyma 4. visceral pleura 5. pericardium 6. brain 7. spinal cord tiss.
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14
Q

describe dorsal root ganglion -type neuron -nucl loc - funct - effects - reg

A

DRG cell = pseudo-unipolar all sens. neuron peripheral = nucl. in DRG funct = control centre (modulation and evaluation- first place msg come in) anything affecting DRG = has profound eff. on whole periphal nerve reg= sprouting of sensors (under the direction of DNA)

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15
Q

3 classifications of - stimuli

A
  1. exteroceptive (external enviro) 2. interoceptive (internal enviro) 3. proprioception (positioning - where the limbs are in space)
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16
Q

nociception 2 types?

A
  1. exteroceptive stimuli = sense picked up from out bod 2. interoceptive stimuli = sense picked up from in bod
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17
Q

diff btw radicular pain radiculopathy

A

radicular pain = radicular (aka spinal nerve) nerve pain radiculopathy = pathology of a radiular nerve (spinal nerve) that affects areas which that nerve supply (arm, leg) *** the right side and left side of the spinal column. These nerves are called nerve roots, or radicular nerves. They branch out at each level of the spine and innervate different parts of our body. This is why neck problems that affect a cervical nerve root can cause pain and other symptoms through the arms and hands (radiculopathy), and low back problems that affect a lumbar nerve root can radiate through the leg and into the foot (radiculopathy, or sciatica), thus prompting leg pain and/or foot pain.

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18
Q

A-Delta fibres aka re- classified? by Lloyd

A

group III (3 fibres)

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19
Q

C-fibres aka re-classified? by Lloyd

A

IV (4 fibres)

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20
Q

A-Delta -function (Erlanger/Gasser)

A

cutaneous - temp. - pain afferents *sharp/quick pain

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21
Q

A-Delta - funct (Lloyd) reclassified

A

Afferents from - deep pressure receptors (in mus.)

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22
Q

A-Delta - av. conduction velocity (m/s)

A

15 m/s (meters per sec.)

23
Q

A-Delta - myelination

A

thinly myelinated

24
Q

C-Fibres - funct. (Erlanger/Gasser)

A
  • cutaneous pain afferents - sympathetic postganlionic fibres * later pain/ sustained/ over longer time
25
Q

C-Fibres - funct. (Lloyd)

A

unmyelinated nerve fibres

26
Q

C-Fibres - av. fibre diameter (um) = *micrometers aka micron *one millionth of a meter

A

0.5 microns *thinner than A-Delta fibres

27
Q

C-Fibres - av. conduction velocity (m/s)

A

1 meter per sed

28
Q

C-Fibres - myelination

A

none

29
Q

A-Delta - av. fibre diameter (um = microns)

A

3 microns *thicker than C-fibres

30
Q

DRG - function first _ then _

A
  • processes afferent info - sends info to the area in the spinal cord
31
Q

dorsal horn - div in 3 regions

A
  1. maginal zone (rexed lam. 1 - substantia maginalis) 2. substantia gelatinosa 3. nucleus propius ***from lissauer’s tract to anterior direction
32
Q

dorsal horn describe -rexed lamina

A

_Rexed (1952,54) _divided_ grey matter of the dorsal horn into 6 laminae _based on_ cytoarchitectural criteria _most dorsal being_ lamina 1

33
Q

dorsal horn neurons in ea. rexed lamina are..

A

_distinct _separate group form one another

34
Q

dorsal horn -dorsal root Large fibres (A alpha and A beta) enter in the ..

A

medial division of the dorsal root entry zone

35
Q

dorsal horn - dorsal root small fibres (A delta and C fibres) enter in the ..

A

lateral division of the dorsal root entry zone

36
Q
A

term on rexed lam. _ 1 ( I ) _ 5 ( V )

37
Q

dorsal horn - terminations (synapses 1st order neuron) unmyelinated fibres (c fibres)

A

term. on rexed lam. _ 2 ( II ) _ 3 ( III )

38
Q

dorsal horn - terminations (synapses 1st order neuron) Large diam. myelinated fibres ( A alpha and A beta)

A

term on rexed lam. _ 3 ( III ) _ 4 ( IV ) _ 5 ( V )

39
Q

dorsal horn - terminations (synapses 1st order neuron) visceral projections

A

term. on rexed lam. _ 2 ( II ) _ 4-5 ( IV - V ) _ 10 (X)

40
Q

dorsal horn neurons 3 major classes

A
  1. low threshold mechanosensitive (neurons) 2. nociceptive specific (neu.) 3. wide dynamic range aka convergent cells (neu.)
41
Q

dorsal horn neurons what stim. excite - low threshold mechanosensitive (neu.)

A

*only low threshold (weak) - innocuous (non painful) stim eg - squeeze of finger but no pain yet - hair mov. - touching - brushing of skin *** basically no pain

42
Q

dorsal horn neurons what stim. excite - nociceptive specific (neu.)

A

*only high treshold (strong) - noxious (painful) - or near-noxious levels of periph. stim. *** basically pain

43
Q

dorsal horn neurons what stim. excite - wide dynamic range/ convergen cells (neu.) eg A beta

A

* all types of som.sens. stim, long range response -pain -itch incr. firing RATE by - innocuous events HE/ further incr. when stim. intesity is raised to -noxious lvls *** basically more pain WDR neurons respond to all types of somatosensory stimuli, make up the majority of the neurons found in the posterior grey column, and have the ability to produce long range responses including those responsible for pain and itch.

44
Q

nocieptive input synapsing onto the _ is relayed to the_ and other _ via one of many _ such as the 3 main

A

_dorsal horn _cortex _ higher centres _asc. pathways asc. tracts for nocicepion 1. spino/thalamic 2. spino/reticular 3. spino/mesencephalic

45
Q

TRACT (1 of 3) asc. tracts (for nociception) - spinothalamic sub class 1. neo/spinothalamic 2. paleo/spinothalamic *most prominent asc. tract for nociceptive neural transm.

A

1st order neuron - from DRG axons from - WRD (neu.) - NS (neu.) synapse IPSI (1) in - DORSAL HORN lam. - 1 - 4 —————————- synapse again IPSI. (2) via - INTERNEURON ————————— 2nd ord. neu decussate diagonally - at spinal lvl - ant. wh. COMMISSURE before asc. in - CONTRALAT. anterolateral wh MATTER becoming the asc projections of 1. neo/spino/thalamic (tract) 2. paleo/spinothalamic (tract) ————————— 3rd order neuron - from synapse in _THALAMUS - to _ somato. sens. cortex

46
Q

TRACT (2 of 3) asc. tracts (for nociception) - spino/reticular

A

1st order neuron - from DRG axons from - NS (nociceptive specific neu.) synapse IPSI (1) in - DORSAL HORN lam. - 7 - 8 ————————— 2nd ord. neu orig - dorsal horn decussate diagonally - at spinal lvl before asc. in (*same as spino/mesencephalic) - CONTRALAT. anterolateral quadrant (of spinal cord) joining - spinothalamic tract in the - medial lemniscus (in brainstem) term - many sites 1. medullary 2. pontine 3. mesencephalic reticular formation * in addition some axons send branches that terminate in both - reticular formation - thalamus ————————— 3rd order neuron - from synapse in THALAMUS - to somato. sens. cortex

47
Q

TRACT (3 of 3) asc. tracts (for nociception) - spino/mesencephalic

A

1st order neuron - from DRG axons from - NS (nociceptive specific neu.) synapse IPSI (1) in - DORSAL HORN lam. - 4 - 5 - 6 ————————— 2nd ord. neu orig - dorsal horn decussate diagonally - at spinal lvl before asc. in (*same as spino/reticular) - CONTRALAT. anterolateral quadrant (of spinal cord) synapse/term (end sites #1) (many sites) 1. mescencephalic reticular formation 2. periaqueductal grey 3. nucl. cuneiformis 4. sup. colliculus 5. other sites (in midbrain) ————— *3rd order neuron (end site #2) orig - hypothalamus (via periaqu. grey) term- 6. amygdala of limbic syst. (connetions from periaqueductal grey via hypothalamus)

48
Q

nociceptive receptors found… priority level…

A

found -through out entire brain take hight priority (for processing) - multiple levels stim - multiple areas of brain

49
Q

cortical regions invol. in - pain perception - intergration - responses

A
  1. Thalamus 2. Brainstem 3. reticular formation 4. limbic structures
50
Q

cortical regions invol. in - pain perception - intergration - responses Thalamus.. explain invol in pain - link.. - funct ..

A

final link in the transm. of impulses to -cerebral cortex processing - almost all sens and motor info (prior to transf. to cortical areas)

51
Q

cortical regions invol. in - pain perception - intergration - responses Brainstem…explain invol. in pain - recipricol connection.. - vital role in..

A

periaqueductal grey (PAG) is reciprocally connected to - all levels of te nervous system playing a vital role in - intergrating survival function

52
Q

cortical regions invol. in - pain perception - intergration - responses Reticular formation…explain invol. in pain - is.. - distrib.. - known to be invol. in..

A

is - group of different neu. distributed through out - medulla - pons - midbrain known to be involved in - processing of nociceptive info

53
Q

cortical regions invol. in - pain perception - intergration - responses limbic structures (amygdala)…explain invol. in pain - comprises

A

comprises the - motivational dimension of pain

deanne's - NEURO (neuroscience) (16 decks)

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