Exam8 History of Medicine Flashcards
1
Q
1st recorded history of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
A
over 2000 yrs ago
2
Q
origins of TCM
A
over 5000 yrs ago
3
Q
Moxibustion
A
- therapeutic application of heat to treat a wide variety of conditions (cold damp ailments, arthritis)
- moxibustion + cupping thought to pull toxins out of body
4
Q
What 3 rulers can to origins of TCM be trace back to?
A
1) Fu Xi
2) Shen Nong**
3) Huang Di
5
Q
What did Fu Xi do?
A
- developed I Ching – Book of Changes
- 8 trigrams, 9 needles
6
Q
Who is the Divine Cultivator/Divine Farmer?
A
Shen Nong
7
Q
What did Shen Nong do?
A
- founder of herbal medicine
- taught people how to farm
8
Q
How did Shen Nong determine the nature of different herbal medicines?
A
- ate them himself to test and analyze their effects
- tested 100 herbs, 70 toxic ones in 1 day
9
Q
What is the 1st written documentation on TCM?
A
Hung-Di Nei-Jing aka Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Internal Medicine
10
Q
What is the oldest medical textbook in the world? When was it written?
A
- Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Internal Medicine
- btwn 800 – 200 BC
11
Q
What does the Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Internal Medicine contain?
A
- guidelines rather than definitive rules on all TCM
- foundation for theories of TCM, summarizes and systemizes theories of medicine
- meridian theory, physiology, pathology, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, acupuncture, moxibustion
12
Q
Who is Hua To?
A
1st of the Taoist physicians (Han dynasty)
13
Q
What did Hua To do?
A
- 1st to develop and use anesthetics called Mafei San
- 1st person to use narcotic drugs in the world – OPIUM
- developed “Five Animal Play”
14
Q
What is Five Animal Play?
A
exercises that copy movements and postures of 5 animals:
1) tiger
2) deer
3) bear
4) ape
5) bird
15
Q
What is the purpose of Five Animal Play?
A
by copying movements of different animals, all parts of the body were exercised and stretched which activates the flow of fluid and energy in the body
16
Q
What modern practice is similar to Five Animal Play?
A
yoga
17
Q
What discoveries were made during the Zhou dynasty?
A
- theory of yin and yang
- pathogenic factors of external environment as cause of disease
18
Q
What are the basic principles of Yin and Yang?
A
- physiology of Chinese medicine believes human body’s life is result of balance of yin and yang
- early concept of homeostasis
19
Q
What is Yin?
A
- inner and negative principles
- inner base to store and provide energy for Yang
- blood and body fluid
20
Q
What is Yang?
A
- outer and positive principles
- protect from outer harm
- vital energy that promotes and warms
21
Q
What is the Basic Substance of TCM?
A
- moving and energetic particles
- state of blood
- body fluid
22
Q
What are the 4 diagnostic tools used by TCM doctor?
A
1) Observation: demeanor, spirit, pallor, tongue studied to see fxning of internal organs
2) Listening-Smelling: for ex, fruity breath –> diabetes; strong ammonia scented urine –> protein in the urine, renal or heart failure
3) Interrogation: 1st form of patient history, could take wks
4) Palpation: pulse for quality, rhythm and rate
23
Q
What were the practices of Egyptian physicians?
A
- embalming
- faith healing
- non-invasive surgery
- autopsy
24
Q
What is the Edwin Smith Papyrus about?
A
surgical diagnosis and treatment
25
What is the Ebers Papyrus about?
ophthalmology and digestive system diseases
26
Who is the Egyptian goddess of healing?
Sekhmet
27
What was ancient Egyptians attitude towards surgery?
- body is holy so not good to cut it too much
| - 1st to do laparoscopic type surgeries
28
What preventative measures did the ancient Egyptians use?
- prayers
| - wearing amulets: embody strength and energy in the amulet which would then go into the wearer's body
29
What are the 3 main types of amulets?
1) Homeopathic amulets portray animal or part of animal
2) Phylactic amulets protect against harmful gods and demons
3) Theophoric amulets represented Egyptian gods
30
Ankh
key of life
31
Eye of Ra
modern symbol for prescription --> Rx
32
What is the basis of modern scientific medicine?
ancient Greek medicine
33
Who was the most famous of all ancient Greek doctors?
Hippocrates
34
Who was one of the most eminent medical theorists and philosophers in ancient history?
Alcmaeon
| - philosopher of science, maybe not a doctor
35
What did Alcmaeon do?
- 1st person to wonder about possible internal causes of illness
- thought that illness may be caused by environmental problems, nutrition, and lifestyle
36
What is Theurgy?
medicine was linked to philosophy and the practice of rituals, casting off evil spirits and incantations
37
What did Hippocrates do?
- founded Hippocratic School of Medicine
- established medicine as its own discipline and a profession
- created Hippocratic Oath
- advanced clinical medicine -- study of disease by direct examination of the living patient
- 1st to make detailed description of clubbing of fingers
38
What does the Hippocratic Oath say?
student must interact with patients
39
Acute
short term
40
Crisis
turning point
41
Exacerbation
to make worse
42
Chronic
long term
43
Paroxysm
spasm
44
Endemic
peculiar to a locality or people
45
Epidemic
appearing in a large number of cases at the same time in a locality
46
Relapse
to begin again
47
Convalescence
recover gradually from sickness
48
Resolution
a solution
49
Who though the human body had no use in the afterlife?
- Aristotle
| - Plato
50
Who is the mythical Greek father of medicine?
Asklepios
51
Who are the 2 daughters of Asklepios?
1) Hygeia
| 2) Panacea
52
What word comes from Hygeia?
hygiene
53
What does the Caduceus symbol stand for?
- staff of Asklepios with 2 snakes representing his daughters Hygeia and Panacea twined around it
- symbol for pharmacists
54
What Greek doctor went to Rome and revived ideas of Hippocrates?
Claudius Galen
55
What did Claudius Galen do?
- revived methods favored by Hippocrates
- emphasis on clinical observation
- believed disease was result of an imbalance in the FOUR HUMORS blood, phlegm, yellow bile, blood bile
- believed in healing power of nature
- believed in use of opposites: treating fever w/something cold, treating cold w/heat
- believed his knowledge should be shared and wrote a lot of books
56
What are the 4 Humors?
1) blood
2) phlegm
3) yellow bile
4) blood bile
- where the idea of bleeding, using leeches, using the scarificator came into use
57
What were the ancient Romans concerned w/when it came to medicine and health?
public health schemes like clean water
58
Who were the first doctors in Rome?
Greek doctors captured as prisoners of war
59
What did the Romans believe about illnesses?
- had a natural cause
| - could be caused by bad water and sewage
60
What did the Romans accomplish in medicine and health?
1st civilization to introduce program of public health for everyone regardless of wealth
61
How did Romans try to get rid of malaria?
drained marshes to rid areas of malaria-carrying mosquitoes
62
What was a major issue in day-to-day live of Romans?
- personal hygiene
- famous Roman baths
- Romans thought Rome's sewers were city's greatest achievement
63
What happened to medical knowledge in the Middle Ages?
- stood still, stagnated
- no one knew what causes diseases
- Roman Catholic Church thought it was punishment from God for sinful behavior
64
What influenced medical diagnosis in Middle Ages?
Astrology
| - medical charts told doctors what not to do for people born under a certain star sign
65
Who were the flagellants?
people during time of plague (the Black Death) who believed they had sinned and only way to show they were really sorry was to inflict pain on themselves. would travel around the country in a wagon and show up at towns whipping and inflicting pain on themselves
66
What is trephination?
drilling hole in skull to relieve pressure inside, thought to be a cure for all kinds of illnesses
67
Who made detailed drawing of anatomy of the heart?
Leonardo da Vinci
| - drawings not discovered until 1850 b/c he didn't share them w/anyone
68
Who is Paracelsus?
- Swiss alchemist and doctor
| - thought specific disease came from specific outside agents and required specific remedies
69
What did Paracelsus do?
pioneered use of mineral and chemical remedies, including mercury for treatement of syphilis
70
Who were the 2 key practitioners that advanced medical knowledge in the Early Modern Age?
1) Vesalius
| 2) William Harvey
71
Who is Vesalius?
1500s
- patron was Charles V of Spain
- ransacked cemeteries and gibbets for bones and bodies to dissect
- professor at Padua University
72
What did Vesalius do?
- discovered spermatic vessels
- discovered Claudius Galen was wrong about there being 2 bones in the jaw and how muscles were attached to bone
- said that medical students should perform dissections for themselves
- published "Fabric of the Human Body"
73
Who is William Harvey?
1600s
- doctor to James I and Charles I of England
- trained at Cambridge and Padua universities
74
What did William Harvey do?
- discovered principle of the circulation of the blood through the body. before it was thought that blood was absorbed through the skin
- discovered it was impossible for the blood to be burned up in the muscles as Galen thought
- published "Anatomical Account of the Motion of the Heart and Blood," which proved principle of the circulation of the blood. This book marked end of Galen's influence on anatomy
75
Who is Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
discovered bacteria in 1683 using a single-lens microscope, but no one realized the significance or that it caused disease
76
Who were Lister and Schemmelweiss?
1st people to figure out germs
77
Medical advances in last 10 years
1) Human Genome Project: April 2003, scientists sequenced all the genes making up human DNA
2) Stem cell research
3) FDA approved use of Atripla for treatment of HIV: cocktail of 3 meds
4) Targeted cancer therapies: 2 methods -- drugs that interfered w/cancer growth by blocking cells involved w/tumor growth OR by id-ing and killing the cancer cells
5) Laparoscopic surgery
6) Smoke free laws
7) HPV vaccine approved in 2006
8) Face transplants: 1st full one done in 2008 on Connie Culp
9) Fewer periods from 4 times/yr to indefinitely w/FDA approval of Lybrel
10) Bionic limbs
11) Skin gun
