Exam2 Articulations Flashcards
Briefly describe a structural joint
Fibrous joints
These joints are made of tough fibrous material and are immobile. Sutures in the skull and gomphoses between teeth and their sockets are examples of fibrous joints.
Cartilaginous joints
These joints are made of semi-flexible cartilage and are semimobile. Symphyses, like the pelvic symphysis, and synchondroses, where cartilage adheres to bone.
Synovial joints
These joints have a synovial cavity filled with fluid that lubricates the joint and reduces friction. The hip and shoulder joints are examples of ball-and-socket synovial joints, which have the greatest range of motion.
identify and briefly describe the different categories of
structural joints
Fibrous joint- skull and between teeth.
Cartilaginous- semi flexible - pelvic symphysis
Synovial joints- fluid in synovial cavity for flexible ball and socket joints.
Briefly describe a functional joint
joint that is classified by the amount of movement it allows, which can range from immobile to freely moveable
identify the briefly describe the different categories of
functional joints
Synarthroses: Immovable joints, such as the sutures in the skull.
Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable joints, such as the joints between vertebrae.
Diarthroses: Freely movable joints, such as the ball-and-socket joint in the shoulder.
Describe a synovial joint, including identifying and describing
its potential components
Articular cartilage:
thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the surface providing a smooth, low-friction surface
Joint capsule:
A fibrous connective tissue sac that encloses the joint cavity, outer fibrous layer for stability and an inner synovial membrane.
Synovial membrane:
The inner lining of the joint capsule, responsible for producing synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid:
within the joint cavity that acts as a lubricant, reducing friction
Ligaments:
Bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones across a joint
identify the different types of synovial joints and provide
examples
Plane (gliding) joints:
Allow for sliding or gliding movements, carpals of the wrist.
Hinge joints:
Permit movement in one plane, flexion and extension, elbow joint.
Pivot joints:
Allow for rotation around a central axis, the first and second cervical vertebrae.
Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints:
Allow for movement in two planes (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction), wrist joint.
Saddle joints:
A biaxial joint with a unique “saddle” shape, enabling movements like flexion/extension and abduction/adduction, thumb base.
Ball-and-socket joints:
Provide the greatest range of motion, allowing movement in all planes, like the shoulder and hip joints.
Describe osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis
This is the most common type of arthritis and is caused by cartilage breaking down over time, to wear and tear. It usually starts in knee, fingers, hands, spine, or hips.
Rheumatoid arthritis
This is an autoimmune disease that occurs when the immune system attacks the lining of the joints, called the synovium. multiple joints at once, usually in the hands and feet.
Identify and describe the different types of joint movements
Rotation
A bone moves around a single axis, towards the body’s midline internal rotation / away from midline external rotation.
Circumduction
A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, involves rotating a limb.
Flexion
The angle between two bones or body parts decreases, elbow bends.
Supination
A lateral rotation of the forearm that turns the palms anteriorly.
Abduction
A body part moves away from the body’s midline.
Extension
A joint moves closer to 180 degrees, or moves posteriorly from its anatomical position.
Adduction
A joint or body part moves inward toward the midline
describe hypermobility
joint hypermobility syndrome, is a condition where a person’s joints can move beyond their normal range of motion. common are the elbows, wrists, fingers, and knees.
