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Biology 157 (MCC) > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

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1
Q

Define matter

A

Everything that takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

What is all matter made of?

A

Atoms

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3
Q

Define Atom

A

Units of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

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4
Q

What are atoms made of?

A

Nucleus

Cloud

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5
Q

Nucleus

Charge and mass

A

Proton atomic mass equal to 1

Neutron atomic mass equal to 1

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6
Q

How many electrons can the first shell hold?

A

2 electrons

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7
Q

How many valence electrons can the outer shells hold?

A

8 electrons

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8
Q

Where are valence electrons found?

A

The outer shells

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9
Q

Define element

A

A form of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

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10
Q

What are essential elements called?

A

Trace Elements

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11
Q

Define Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus

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12
Q

Define Atomic Weight

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons

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13
Q

Can atoms have the same amount of protons?

A

No

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14
Q

Define Isotopes

A

Elements with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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15
Q

Define compound

A

Two or more elements combined

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16
Q

Are stable compounds reactive or unreactive?

A

Unreactive

Wants to fill out shell by bonding

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17
Q

Are unstable compounds reactive or unreactive?

A

Reactive

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18
Q

How are compounds held together?

A

Bonds

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of bonds?

A

Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen

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20
Q

Define Molecule

A

A chemical structure held together by covalent bonds

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21
Q

What is the strongest bond?

A

Covalent bond

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22
Q

Define Covalent Bond

A

They form when two or more atoms share the electrons in their outer shells

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23
Q

How valence electrons does carbon have?

A

4

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24
Q

How many valence electrons are shared in a double covalent bond?

A

2

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25
Q

Define ion

A

An atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative electrical charge.
Takes or Donates

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26
Q

Define ionic bonds

A

Results from the attraction of oppositely charged ions, rather than shared

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27
Q

Define polar molecules

A

When electrons of a covalent bond are shared unequally

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28
Q

Is water polar or non polar?

A

Polar

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29
Q

Define non polar molecules

A

When electrons of a covalent bond are shared equally

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30
Q

Define electronegativity

A

The pull of electrons

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31
Q

Define Hydrogen Bonds

A

The attraction formed between a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom and another slightly negatively charged atom

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32
Q

What are the weakest bond?

A

Hydrogen Bond

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33
Q

Define Adhesion

A

Water molecule clinging to a surface

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34
Q

List the phases of water from least dense to most

A

Solid, Liquid, Gas

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35
Q

How often does a solid water bond?

A

Constantly

36
Q

What do acids do in water?

A

Release hydrogen ions or bonds

37
Q

What do bases do in water?

A

Produce hydroxide ions

38
Q

pH scale meaning:
1-7
7-14
7

A

Acids (1-7)
Bases (7-12)
Neutral (7)

39
Q

What can pH find?

A

If an it is an acid or a base

40
Q

Define pH

A

The negative logarithm of the concentration of H+ ion in solution

41
Q

What do bonds store?

A

Energy

42
Q

H+C=

A

Hydro carbons

43
Q

Define Macromolecules

A

The four classes of biological molecules that contain very large molecules
(same as polymers)

44
Q

Define polymers

A

Made from identical building blocks strung together

same as Macromolecules

45
Q

Define Monomer

A

Building blocks

46
Q

Define dehydration synthesis

A

When polymers are made, water is removed, and they react

47
Q

Define Hydrolysis

A

When the same molecules are broken apart, water is added, and they react

48
Q

What are the 4 Macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleuic Acids

49
Q

What atoms make up carbohydrates?

A

C, H, O

50
Q

What endings do carbohydrates have?

A

-ose ending

51
Q

What are single sugar molecules called?

A

Monosaccharides

52
Q

Examples of carbohydrates

A

Starches and sugars

53
Q

What do living things use as their main source of energy?

A

Carbohydrates

54
Q

Define Polysaccharides

A

Chain of molecules that store energy or provide structure

55
Q

How do plants store excess sugar?

A

In Starch and Glycogen

56
Q

Define Disaccharides

A

formed when two monosaccharides are joined together by glycosidic bonds

57
Q

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic

58
Q

What atoms make up lipids?

A

C, H, O

59
Q

What are the three common categories of lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steriods

60
Q

What are three functions of lipids?

A

Store long-term energy
Protect Vital Organs
Form cell membranes

61
Q

How do fatty acids bond to glycerol?

A

Through Dehydration Synthesis

62
Q

What is formed when glycerol molecules combine with compounds?

A

Fatty Acids

63
Q

What are examples of triglycerides?

A

Fats and Oils

64
Q

How are fats used in living things?

A

As parts of biological membranes

To store energy

65
Q

Define Saturated

A

Each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond

66
Q

Define Unsaturated

A

Double bonds between carbon and fatty acids

67
Q

Define Trans Fat

A

A man-made unsaturated fat made by adding hydrogens

68
Q

Describe a straight lipid chain

A

Directly carbon linked

Saturated

69
Q

Describe a bent lipid chain

A

Double bond

Unsaturated

70
Q

Define amino acids

A

The building blocks of proteins

71
Q

What kind of atoms do proteins contain?

A

H, N, C, H, O

72
Q

Proteins are polymer of molecules called?

A

Amino acids

73
Q

Define Peptides

A

Chains of only a few amino acids

74
Q

Define Polypeptides

A

Chains of 10 or more amino acids

75
Q

Define Proteins

A

Polypeptide chains of at least 50 amino acids

76
Q

What functions do proteins provide?

A

Structure
Transport
Movement for the body

77
Q

Describe the primary level of protein.

A

A sequence of amino acids in order

78
Q

Describe the secondary level of protein.

A

Helix or coil result from bending or coiling

79
Q

Describe the tertiary level of protein.

A

3D structure

80
Q

Describe the quaternary level of protein.

A

2+ smaller chains put together

81
Q

Define Denaturation

A

Changes in the chemical environment of a protein can cause it to lose its structure causing a loss of function

82
Q

What can cause Denaturation?

A

Something too hot or cold
Something to acidic or not acidic enough
Something too salty or not salty enough

83
Q

What kind of atoms do nucleic acids contain?

A

N, P, C, H, O

84
Q

What are the nucleic acid monomers called?

A

Nucleotide

85
Q

A Nucleotide consists of what three parts?

A

5 carbon
5 nitrogen
Phosphate Group

86
Q

Whare two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

87
Q

Differences between RNA and DNA:

A 
RNA:
    Single Stranded
    Has sugar ribose
DNA:
   Two strands (Double Helix)
   Has sugar deoxyribose

Biology 157 (MCC) (5 decks)

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