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biology 157 (mcc) > Exam Three > Flashcards

Exam Three Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Amount of energy is constant

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2
Q

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy transformation must make the universe more disordered

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3
Q

What happens when ATP is converted to ADP and is energy absorbed or released?

A

x

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4
Q

What needs to occur to go back to ATP and does the reaction require energy or give it off?

A

x

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5
Q

What is a redox reaction and what happens to electrons during reduction and during oxidation?

A

x

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6
Q

What is produced in the Glycolysis stages of cellular respiration and where does each take place?
Reactants?

A

Produced: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH
Location: Cytoplasm
Reactants: Glucose

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7
Q

What is produced in the Transition stage stages of cellular respiration and where does each take place?
Reactants?

A

Produced:
Location:
Reactants:

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8
Q

What is produced in the Kreb’s Cycle stages of cellular respiration and where does each take place?
Reactants?

A

Produced:
Location:
Reactants:

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9
Q

What is produced in the Electron Transport Chain stages of cellular respiration and where does each take place?
Reactants?

A

Produced:
Location:
Reactants:

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10
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration connected to one another?
Include the products and reactants

A

x

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11
Q

What is the chemical reaction of cellular respiration and what molecules are being reduced and oxidized?

A

x

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12
Q

How do temperate and pH affect enzyme activity?

A

x

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13
Q

What happens if an enzyme is heated to an extreme temperature and what term describes this?

A

x

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14
Q

Compare and contrast competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.

A

x

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15
Q

What is the main pigment involved in photosynthesis and what makes plants green?

A

x

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16
Q

Explain what happens in a photosystem (make sure to mention sunlight, photons, pigments, and electrons).

A

x

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17
Q

How are electrons replaced in each of the photosystems?

A

x

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18
Q

In the electron transport chain, how are electrons used to produce ATP?

A

x

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19
Q

What is the use for ATP in the Calvin Cycle?

A

x

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20
Q

What is the use for NADPH in the Calvin Cycle?

A

x

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21
Q

In cellular respiration, where do electrons come from to fuel the Electron Transport Chain and where do those electrons ultimately end up?

A

x

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22
Q

Why does fermentation occur?

A

x

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23
Q

What is the difference between lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation (what is produced in each)?

A

x

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24
Q

In which type of cellular respiration (aerobic respiration, lactic acid fermentation or alcohol fermentation) is the most ATP produced? Which step is it produced in?

A

x

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25
Q

Define Light Reaction

A

Energy capturing portion of photosynthesis that takes place in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and cannot proceed without solar energy, it produces ATP and NADPH.

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26
Q

Define Chlorophyll

A

The green pigment that absorbs solar energy and is important in photosynthesis

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27
Q

Define Chloroplast

A

A membrane-bound organelle with chlorophyll-containing membrane thylakoids

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28
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplast

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29
Q

Define Photosynthesis

A

A process usually occurring within chloroplasts whereby chlorophyll traps solar energy and carbon dioxide is reduced to a carbohydrate

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30
Q

Define Calvin Cycle

A

Synthesis portion of photosynthesis that takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and does not directly require sunlight; it uses the products of the light reaction to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate

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31
Q

Define Autotrophs

A

Makes own food

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32
Q

Example of an Autotroph

A

Literally any plant

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33
Q

Define Heterotroph

A

Don’t make their own food

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34
Q

Example of a Heterotroph

A

Humans and dogs

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35
Q

What is another name for the dark cycle?

A

Calvin Cycle

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36
Q

Where does carbon dioxide come from?

A

The air around us

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37
Q

What will happen to carbon dioxide and what will it eventually become in photosynthesis?

A

It will be fixed to become a sugar

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38
Q

How many molecules of high-energy sugars are produced as a result of one Calvin cycle?

A

One cycle = 1G3P

Two Cycles = 1 glucose molecule

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39
Q

How many G3P molecules are needed to make glucose?

A

2 G3P molecules or 2 Calvin cycles

40
Q

What are the reactants of water, CO2, and sunlight in photosynthesis?

A

O2 and glucose

41
Q

What is the overall reaction of cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

42
Q

Why is Chloroplast green?

A

Green is the only color reflected

43
Q

What is the function of Chlorophyll?

A

To absorb light

44
Q

What is the chemical reaction for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –light energy–> C6H12O6 + 6O2

45
Q

Light Reaction:
Reactants?
Products?
Location?

A

Reactants: Light and H2O
Products: O2, ATP, and ADP
Location: Chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane

46
Q

Dark Reaction:
Reactants?
Products?
Location?

A

Reactants: CO2, ATP, NADPH
Products: CH2O
Location: Stroma of the chloroplast

47
Q

Define potential energy

A

Energy that an object possesses as a result of its location (stored energy)

48
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

49
Q

What do Catabolic Pathways do?

A

They release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds
(Large to small)

50
Q

What do Anabolic Pathways do?

A

They consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds
(Small of large)

51
Q

In the Catabolic Pathway is energy used or released?

A

Released

52
Q

In the Anabolic Pathways is energy used or released?

A

Used

53
Q

Define Exergonic Reaction

A

Energy is released

54
Q

Define Endergonic Reaction

A

Energy is used

55
Q

Define Oxidation

A

A molecule has lost one or more electrons

lose of hydrogen

56
Q

Define Reduction

A

A molecule that has gained one or more electrons

gains hydrogen

57
Q

Define Activation Energy

A

MINIMAL amount of energy is required to start a chemical reaction
(Gets reaction going - protein)

58
Q

What does OIL RIG stand for?

A

Oxidation is Losing

Reduction is Gaining

59
Q

What happens in Redox Reactions?

A

Water split apart by oxidation (lose electrons with H+ ions) and CO2 is reduced to a sugar as Electrons and H+ ions are added
(Refer to Photosynthesis equation)

60
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Speed up reactions

61
Q

What does an enzyme act as?

A

A catalyze

62
Q

Can an enzyme be used for anything?

A

NO, they are unique to their function and the shape of their activation site.

63
Q

How are enzyme-substrate complexes formed?

A

Enzymes bind to substrates at the active site

64
Q

What is the four-step process of enzyme-substrate complex formation?

A
  1. Enzyme available with an empty active site
  2. Substrate binds to enzyme with induced fit
  3. Substrate is converted to products
  4. Products are released
65
Q

What does a competitive inhibitor do?

A

Blocks the substract form binding to the active site of the enzyme

66
Q

What does a noncompetitive inhibitor do?

A

binds to a different site that is not the active site of the enzyme and changes the structure of the enzyme

67
Q

Define inhibitor

A

Stops/slows down reaction

68
Q

What is ATP?

A

A molecule capable of storing a lot of energy

the energy currency of cells

69
Q

When is energy released from ATP?

A

When the phosphate bond is broken down

70
Q

What are the two main systems found in the Chloroplast?

A

Stroma and Thyroid membrane

71
Q

Define Stroma

A

liquid outside thylakoid membranes

72
Q

What happens in the stroma?

A

Dark Reactions

73
Q

Define Thylakoid membrane

A

Contains chlorophyll

74
Q

Define grana

A

The stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast

75
Q

What happens in the thylakoid membrane?

A

The light reactions

76
Q

Define wavelengths

A

Different levels of energy seen by the human eye as different colors

77
Q

What is the range of visible light?

A

380nm - 750nm

78
Q

Why are plants green?

A

Chlorophyll pigments absorb all colors of light EXCEPT green.

79
Q

Define pigments

A

Absorb light

80
Q

How does wavelength compare to energy level?

A

Shorter Wavelength —–> Higher Energy

Longer Wavelength ——> Lower Energy

81
Q

What colors are short and long wavelength?

A

Cool colors = shorter wavelength

Warm colors = longer wavelength

82
Q

Define photosystems

A

Clusters of light-absorbing pigments (chlorophyll pigments)

83
Q

Define Photons

A

Packets of light

84
Q

What are the two phases of Photosynthesis?

A
  1. Photosystems

2. Calvin cycles

85
Q

What happens in the photosystems?

A

Converts solar energy into chemical energy

The light reaction

86
Q

Where does the light reaction take place?

A

Chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane

87
Q

What are the reactants of the light reaction?

A

Light and Water

88
Q

What are the products of the light reaction?

A

O2, ATP, NADPH

89
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

In the stroma of the chloroplast

90
Q

What are the reactants of the Calvin Cycle?

A

CO2, ATP, NADPH

91
Q

What are the products of the Calvin Cycle?

A

G3P

92
Q

Define Cellular Respiration

A

Energy in the food you eat that was “captured” by plants during photosynthesis

93
Q

What is the difference in the reaction equations of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

CR does not need sunlight

The equations are the same but backwards

94
Q

What are the four stages of CR in order?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Transition Reaction
  3. Krebs Cycle
  4. Electron Transport Chain
95
Q

Does Glycolysis require oxygen?

A

NO

biology 157 (mcc) (5 decks)

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