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Biology 157 (MCC) > Exam Four > Flashcards

Exam Four Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

The smallest unit of life

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2
Q

What are the properties of life?

A

Metabolism
Homeostasis
Growth
Reproduction

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3
Q

What four things do all cells have?

A

Plasma Membrane
DNA
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes

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4
Q

How are Prokaryotic cells structured?

A

Simple and Small

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5
Q

How are Eukaryotic cells structured?

A

Large and Complex

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6
Q

What type of organisms are in Prokaryotic cells found in?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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7
Q

What type of organisms are in Eukaryotic cells found in?

A

Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists

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8
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?

A

No, they have a nucleoid and no true organelles

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9
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have a nucleus?

A

Yes, they have a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles

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10
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

control the cell’s activities and is responsible for inheritance

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11
Q

Define chromatin

A

makes up the cell’s chromosomes

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12
Q

Where is DNA copied?

A

In the nucleus prior to cell division

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13
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A

The nuclear envelope

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14
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

A double membrane with pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus

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15
Q

What is the nuclear envelope connected to?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

Define nucleolus

A

involved in the production of ribosomal DNA

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17
Q

Define Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

An extensive network of channels connected to the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, and certain organelles

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18
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

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19
Q

Define Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Contains ribosomes that guide the production of cell products

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20
Q

Define Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

Lacks Ribosomes

Is involved in the production of phospholipids and detoxification

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21
Q

Define Ribosomes

A

involved in the cell’s protein synthesis

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22
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place?

A

in the nucleus

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23
Q

Define Golgi complex

A

Consists of a series of interconnected, flattened membranous sacs

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24
Q

Define Lysosomes

A

Contain enzymes that break down macromolecules, old organelles, and invaders

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25
Q

Define Vacuoles

A

membranous sacs that isolate and dispose of waste, debris, or toxic materials

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26
Q

What are some functions of vacuoles?

A
  1. keep plants firm
  2. pigment vacuoles provide color to flower
  3. contractile vacuoles in some protists expel water from the cell
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27
Q

Define mitochondria

A

provide the cell with energy through the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP

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28
Q

What happens in the mitochondria?

A

Cellular respiration

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29
Q

Define mitochondria

A

contains inner foldings that provide increased membrane surface for cellular respiration

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30
Q

Define chloroplasts

A

The photosynthesizing organelles of plants

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31
Q

What do Chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common?

A
  1. DNA

2. Ribosomes

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32
Q

Define endosymbiosis

A

Proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living with larger cells

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33
Q

Define Plasmodesmata

A

junctions that serve in communication between cells

34
Q

Define Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

holds cells together and protects the plasma membrane

35
Q

Define integrins

A

connecting proteins that bind to membrane proteins

36
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

Provides shape and support for the cell

37
Q

Define microtubules

A

transport molecules around the cell

38
Q

Define Microfilaments

A

Function as muscle contraction

39
Q

Define Intermediate Filaments

A

diverse groups of ropelike fibers that maintain cell shape and anchor organelles

40
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A

Function in muscle contraction

41
Q

Who invented the light microscope?

A

Leeuwenhoek

42
Q

What is cell theory?

A

All living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells

43
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek look at in the microscope?

A

Corks

44
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

DNA in the nucleus transcribes DNA into mRNA

45
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Complex?

A

Golgi modifies and packages proteins for export out of the cell.

46
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

Breaks down and recycles worn-out cycles

47
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Protect and support the cell

48
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules, Intermediate filaments, Microfilaments

49
Q

What is another name for the cell membrane?

A

Plasma Membrane

50
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls the movement of molecules into and out of the cell

51
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

Only letting certain molecules pass through the membrane

52
Q

What two things do cell membranes contain?

A

Proteins and lipids

53
Q

Which way do the hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends face?

A

Hydrophilic heads face outward

Hydrophobic tails face inward

54
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A

Proteins are interspersed among the lipid molecules like titles in a MOSAIC.
Many proteins are able to move sideways through the bilayer to come degree, giving the membrane its FLUID quality

55
Q

What are some functions of the Plasma membrane?

A

Structure
Regulates movement in and out of cells
Communication between cells

56
Q

What type of molecules can pass easily through membranes?

A

Nonpolar molecules

57
Q

What types of molecules can not pass easily through membranes

A

Polar molecules

58
Q

Define Passive Transport

A

Movement across the membrane that doesn’t require energy

59
Q

What are the three types of Passive Transport?

A

Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis

60
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

Movement across the membrane that requires energy

61
Q

Define Diffusion

A

Particles spread out evenly in an available space

62
Q

In diffusion which way do particles move?

A

From a higher concentration to a lower concentration

63
Q

Does diffusion require energy?

A

No, because it moves down the concentration gradient

64
Q

Define Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

65
Q

Which way does water move with the concentration gradient?

A

It moves down the concentration gradient from a concentration high to low

66
Q

Define Facilitated Diffusion

A

Diffusion of solutes across the plasma membrane with the help of specific transport proteins

67
Q

Does Facilitates Diffusion require energy?

A

No, because it moves from high to low concentration

68
Q

What is facilitates diffusion similar to?

A

Enzymes

69
Q

Define Active Transport

A

Cells have a mechanism for moving a solute against its concentration gradient

70
Q

Does Active Transport require energy?

A

Yes, because its moves from low concentration to high

71
Q

How do cells move large molecules across the membrane?

A

Exocytosis and Endocytosis

72
Q

Define Exocytosis

A

Used to export bulky molecules, such as proteins or polysaccharides

73
Q

Define Endocytosis

A

Used to import substances useful to the livelihood of the cell

74
Q

What are two types of Endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

75
Q

Define Phagocytosis

A

Large particles or bacteria (Cell Eating)

76
Q

Define Pinocytosis

A

Droplets of fluid (Cell Drinking)

77
Q

Define Tonicity

A

Describes the ability of a solution to cause to gain or lose water

78
Q

Define Isotonic

A

The concentration of a solute is the same on both sides

79
Q

Define Hypertonic

A

The concentration of solute is higher outside the cell

80
Q

Define Hypotonic

A

The concentration of solute is higher inside the cell

Biology 157 (MCC) (5 decks)

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