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Biology 157 (MCC) > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

What is biology?

A

The study of life

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2
Q

Define Molecule

A

The chemical components of cells

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3
Q

Define Cell

A

The smallest unit of life

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4
Q

Define Tissue

A

A group of similar cells that perform the same function

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5
Q

Define Organ

A

A structure with two or more tissues working together to perform a function

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6
Q

Define Organ Systems

A

At least two organs working together to perform a function

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7
Q

Define Individual

A

A single organism

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8
Q

Define Population

A

All individuals of the same species in an area

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9
Q

Define Community

A

All the species in an ecosystem that can interact

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10
Q

Define Ecosystem

A

A community and its physical environment

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11
Q

Define Biosphere

A

The part of the earth that supports life

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12
Q

Characteristics of Life (7)

A
  1. Living things contain nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
  2. Living things are composed of cells
  3. Living things grow and reproduce
  4. Living things use energy and raw materials (metabolism)
  5. Living things respond to their environment
  6. Living things maintain homeostasis
  7. Populations of living things evolve and have adaptive traits (natural selection)
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13
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Regulation of the body

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14
Q

Define Metabolism

A

The body breaking down food

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15
Q

Define Nucleic Acids

A

DNA and RNA

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16
Q

Define Proteins

A

Enzymes

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17
Q

Define Carbohydrates

A

Sugars

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18
Q

Define Lipids

A

Fats

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19
Q

Define Doman Bacteria

A

Unicellular prokaryotic organism

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20
Q

Define Domain Archaea

A

Unicellular prokaryotic organism that lives in extreme conditions

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21
Q

Define Domain Eukarya

A

Eukaryotic cells that contain a membrane-bound nucleus and internal compartments

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22
Q

Protists

A

Protozoans, algae, diatoms

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23
Q

Fungi

A

Molds, mushrooms

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24
Q

Plants

A

Mosses, ferns, seed plants

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25
Q

Animals

A

Invertebrates and vertebrates

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26
Q

What are the 3 Domains?

A

Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya

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27
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms in the 3 domains?

A 
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya:
-Protists
-Fungi
-Plants
-Animals
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28
Q

Define Taxonomy

A

The science of naming and classifying species

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29
Q

When was taxonomy devised?

A

18th century

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30
Q

Who devised taxonomy?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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31
Q

Name the grouping of species from board to specific

Name (EX)

A 
Domain (eukarya)
Kingdom (animals)
Phylum (chordates)
Subphylum (vertebrates)
Class (mammals)
Order (primates)
Family (Hominidae)
Genus (homo)
Species (modern human)
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32
Q

Define Binomial Nomenclature

A

Species names with the First part (genus) and Second part (species)

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33
Q

Define the Scientific Method

A

A logical approach to gathering information and reaching conclusions

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34
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method in order?

A
  1. observation
  2. hypothesis
  3. prediction
  4. experiment
  5. results
  6. conclusion
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35
Q

Define Control Group

A

used as a comparison or standard; all variables are kept constant

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36
Q

Define Experimental Group

A

Group in which one variable is altered to understand the effects

37
Q

Define Independent Variable

A

The value being manipulated; the factor whose effect the experiment is designed to reveal

38
Q

Define Qualitative

A

Characteristics such as smell or color

39
Q

Define Quantitative

A

Can be measured such as cm

40
Q

Define population

A

All members of a species living in the same area

41
Q

Define ecology

A

The study of interactions between organisms and the environment

42
Q

Population Distribution:

Nearly Uniform

A

Competition for limited resources can produce this distribution
Ex) Penguins

43
Q

Population Distribution:

Clumped

A

Clumped and move together to follow the resources

Ex) Fish

44
Q

Population Distribution:

Random

A

Move on their own and there are plenty of resources

Ex) Spider

45
Q

Survivorship Curves:

Type 1

A

Upside down J-shape
Morality the highest very late in life
Ex) Elephant (bigger mammals)

46
Q

Survivorship Curves:

Type 2

A

Diagonal line
Morality does not vary with age
Ex) Bird (smaller mammals)

47
Q

Survivorship Curves:

Type 3

A

Backwards J-shape
Mortality is highest early in life
Ex) Starfish (smaller with lots of offspring)

48
Q

Reproductive Strategies:

Re-selection

A

Max offpsring
Little parental care
Small body
Type 3 curve

49
Q

Reproductive Strategies:

K-selection

A

Improved offspring quality
larger bodies with longer life
high parental care
Type 1 curve

50
Q

Population Growth:

Exponential Growth

A

J-shaped
unrestricted growth at a constant rate
plenty of resources and adequate waste removal

51
Q

Population Growth:

Logistic Growth

A

S-shaped curve

Growth slows as population approaches carrying capacity and eventually levels off

52
Q

Define carrying capacity

A

Maximum number of individuals a populations environment can support indefinitely

53
Q

What are some determining factors of carrying capacity?

A

Availability of resources
Waste Removal
Predation Pressure

54
Q

Density Dependent Factors

A

Events that have a greater impact:

  • Predation, parasitism, disease
  • Competition for resources
55
Q

Density Independent Factors

A

events that cause death not related to population density:

-Natural diasters

56
Q

What are trends that lead to an increase in the human population?

A
  1. Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides for crops
  2. Increased understanding of diseases and medicines
  3. Improved nutrition
  4. Decline in death rates without a decline in birth rates
57
Q

Define Habitat

A

Environment in which a species lives

58
Q

Define Biological Community

A

All species living in the same habitat and interacting

59
Q

Define Ecological Niche

A

Role and position a species has in its environment

60
Q

Define Symbiosis

A

Two species with a prolonged close association that benefits at least one of them

61
Q

Define Commensalism

A

+ 0

62
Q

Define Mutualism

A

+ +

63
Q

Define Parasitism

A

+ –

64
Q

Define Interactions

A

Niche of two different species overlap

65
Q

Define Competitive Exclusion

A

Whenever two species require the same resource to live or reproduce
The stronger competitive will drive the other to extinction

66
Q

Define Resource Partitioning

A

Species adapt to use a shared limited resource in a way that minimizes competition

67
Q

Define Predator-Prey

A

Predator captures and kills prey

68
Q

Define Herbivory

A

attacks plants

69
Q

Define Parasites

A

Attack animals

70
Q

Define Pathogens

A

Attack immune system

71
Q

What are five defenses to predators?

A
  1. Camouflage
  2. Mimicry
  3. Toxic
  4. Spines and Thorns
  5. Warning Coloration
72
Q

Are ecosystems static (not changing)?

A

No, they are dynamic

73
Q

Define ecological succession

A

existing communities replace others over time

74
Q

Define Pioneer Species

A

First to arrive in habitats

75
Q

Define Primary Succession

A

starting from scratch no soil from area with NO preexisting communities

76
Q

Define Secondary Succession

A

Has preexisting soil

Has had preexisting communities

77
Q

Define Ecosystem

A

An array of organisms and they’re physical environment

78
Q

Define Food Chains

A

Energy transfers through trophic levels

79
Q

Define Primary Producers

A

Plants that take energy through photosynthesis

80
Q

Define Consumers

A

Use energy stored by producers

Eat others

81
Q

Define Decomposers and Detriticore

A

release inorganic material that can be used by producers

82
Q

Define primary consumers

A

herbivores

83
Q

Define secondary consumer

A

feed on primary consumers

84
Q

Define Tertiary consumer

A

feed on secondary consumers

85
Q

Define Biological Magnification

A

nondegradable chemicals become more concentrated in organisms through succession of trophic levels

86
Q

How much water does the ocean hold?

A

95% of the earth’s water

87
Q

What are some human Disruptions in the water cycles?

A
  1. deforestation reduces transpiration
  2. runoff patterns altered in cities
  3. we use more fresh water than is replenished
88
Q

How much water is used for agriculture?

A

2/3 freshwater

Biology 157 (MCC) (5 decks)

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