EXAM TWO Flashcards
What are the body’s defenses
Barrier Defense
Cellular Defense
Inflammatory Response
Immune Response
What is included in the Barrier Defense and what does each do
Skin: protects internal tissues and organs
Mucous Membranes: line the area of the body that are exposed to external influxes, but do not have skin protection
Gastric Acid: secreted by the stomach in response to many stimuli
Major Histocompatibility Complex: distinguishes between self-cells and foreign cells
What are the types of cellular defenses and what is it composed of?
Mononuclear Phagocyte System: composed of the thymus gland, lymphatic tissue, leukocyte, lymphocytes, numerous chemical mediators
Types of Myeloctic Cells
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Macrophages
What are Neutrophils
a type of cell that engulfs and digests foreign material, rapidly produced and more to the sire of injury or invasion
What are Eosinophils
a type of cell that is often found at the sire of allergic reactions
what are Basophils
a type of cell that contains chemicals important for initiating and maintaining an immune response (histamine and heparin)
- found in the respiratory and GI tract
What are macrophages
a type of cell that helps remove foreign matters from the body
Types of Lymphocytic cells
Natural Killer Cells, B cells, and T cells
What are B cells
cells t hat produce antibodies to fight infection, remember past exposure which facilitates a response (antibodies)
What are T cells and what are different types of T cells
cells that provide cell mediated immunity
-Cytotoxic, Helper, & Suppressor
What are Cytotoxic Cells?
a type of T cells that are aggressive against non-self cells, and release chemicals to destroy cells or mark for destruction
What are Helper cells?
a type of T cells that respond to chemical indicators of immune activity and stimulus a more aggressive response
What are suppressor cells?
a type of T cells that sloe or suppress an immune reaction as a protective favors, which allows the body to conserve energy and prevent cellular destruction from a continued inflammatory reaction
What is the vascular response
Phase 1: vasoconstriction of arterioles- begins almost immediately following injury to stop bleeding and reduces exposure to bacteria
Phase 2: vasodilation of arterioles- increases blood blow to site and increase redness and warmth- injured tissues/leukocytes secrete chemical substance (EX: histamines)
How do the chemical substances in the vascular response increase vascular permeability
-fluid moves into tissue -> swelling (edema)
-increased viscosity of blood due to vasodilation
-clotting of blood in small capillaries at site cause localizing the spread of microorganisms
what do you look for with inflammation
calor (heat), rubor (redness), dolor (pain), tumor (swelling)
What do WBC’s/leukocytes do in the cellular response
-Neutrophils= 1st to arrive
-Monocytes= phagocytosis; respond more slowly
-Eosinophils= allergic reaction/parasite infection
-Basophils= contain histamines; mediate type allergic reaction, initiate inflammation
What is chemotaxis
the directed migration of a cell in response to a chemical stimulus,
- assists in making macrophages and neutrophils aggressive
what is the immune response
a more specific invasion, which can stimulate a more specific response though the immune system.
-lymphocytes produced in the bone marrow can develop into B or T lymphocytes
Mediators in the immune system and what do they do
Interferons: prevent viral replication and suppress malignant cell replication and tumor growth
Interleukins: chemicals secreted by active leukocytes to influence other leukocytes
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF): chemical released by macrophages; inhibits tumor growth and can cause tumor regression
What are the different antibodies
IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, IgA
What is the IgG antibody
account for 80% of all antibodies and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins
what is the IgE antibody
is present in small amounts and seems to be related to allergic response and to the activation of mast cells
