EXAM 4

Question 1

what are the structures of the GI system

Answer 1

esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, ends at the anus

Question 2

what are the accessory organs of the GI system

Answer 2

pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Question 3

what are the layers of the GI tract

Answer 3

Mucosal Layer
- inner lining of the GI tract
Muscularis Mucosa Layer
- consists of two layers of muscle
Nerve Plexus Layer
- two layers of nerves
- allow GI tract control over movement, secretions, and digestion
Adventitia Layer
- outer support layer, helps maintain shape

Question 4

what happens to the GI system during sympathetic stimulation

Answer 4

slows GI tract, decreases muscle tone, secretions, and contractility.
essentially shuts down GI tract to save energy

Question 5

what are the four major gastrointestinal activities

Answer 5

Secretions, Absorption, Digestion, Motility

Question 6

what is secretion

Answer 6

the GI tract secretes various compounds to aid in the movement of food boluses through the GI tract

Question 7

what is absorption

Answer 7

active process of removing water, nutrient, and other elements from GI tract and delivering them to bloodstream for use in the body

Question 8

where does most of the absorption process occur

Answer 8

in the small intestines

Question 9

what is digestion

Answer 9

process of breaking down food into usable, absorbable nutrients

Question 10

what is motility

Question 11

what is the gastroenteric reflex

Answer 11

• stimulation of stomach stretching from presence of food.
• causes increase in activity of small intestines
  feeling of being full

Question 13

what is the duodenal-colic reflex

Answer 13

• triggered by presence of food or stretch in duodenum
• stimulates colon activity and mass movement
  moves bowel out

Question 14

what is the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)

Answer 14

• tactile stimulation of the back of the throat
• excessive stomach distention
• increase in salivation when triggered
  ADD MORE TO CARD

Question 15

The nurse expects to find he major activities of the GI traced to decrease in a client experiencing what

Answer 15

stress

Question 16

what does the nurse anticipate will happen fist when the CTZ of a client is stimulated

Answer 16

increased salivation

Question 17

the nurse is caring for a client who is about to undergo gastric bypass surgery. the nurse will explain the majority of nutrients are absorbed where

Answer 17

small intestines

Question 18

the CTZ in a client’s medulla has been stimulated. the nurse explained to the client that what will most likely occur following repeated stimulation

Answer 18

vomiting

Question 19

how does the endocrine system work

Answer 19

works with the nervous system to maintian internal homeostasis and integrate the body’s response to external environemtned
includes glands and hormones

Question 20

what is the adrenal cortex

Answer 20

• produces cortisol and aldosterone
• increases glucose levels
• suppresses inflammatory and immune reaction

Question 21

what do the intestines do as endocrine glands

Answer 21

• produce Secretin
• decrease gastric movement
• stimulates Viola and pancreatic juice secretion

Question 22

what do the kidneys do as an endocrine gland

Answer 22

• produce erythopoietin and renin
• increase red blood cell production
• stimulates increase in blood pressure and vascular volume

Question 23

what do the ovaries do as an endocrine gland

Answer 23

• produce estrogen and progesterone
• promote secondary sex characteritics
• prepare female body for pregnancy

Question 24

what does the pancreas do as an endocrine organ

Answer 24

• produce insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
• regulation of glucose, fat metabolism

Question 25

what does the parathyroid do as an endocrine organ

Answer 25

* produces parathyroid hormone * increases serum calcium levels

Question 26

what does the pineal gland do for the endocrine system

Answer 26

* produces melatonin * affects secretions of hypothalamic hormones

Question 27

what does the placenta do as an endocrine organ

Answer 27

* produces estrogen and porgesterone * maintains fetal growth and development * prepares body for delivery

Question 28

what does the stomach do as an endocrine organ

Answer 28

* produces gastrin * stimulates stomach acid production

Question 29

what do the testes do for the endocrine system

Answer 29

* produce testosteron * stimulate secondary sex characteristics

Question 30

what does the thyroid do as an endocrine gland

Answer 30

* produce thyroid hormone and Calcitonin * stimulate basal metabolic rate * decreases serum calcium levels

Question 31

what are hormones

Answer 31

chemicals that are transported in bodily fluids and act on specific target cells * produced in small amounts * secreted **directly into bloodstream** * always present in body, but amount may fluctuate

Question 32

what is the hypothalamus

Answer 32

the coordinating center for nervous and endocrine responses to internal and external stimuli * "master gland" of neuroendocrine system * responsible for regulaing body functions

Question 33

what are the lobes of the pituitary gland

Answer 33

* anterior * posterior * intermediate

Question 34

what are anterior pituitary hormones **essential** for

Answer 34

for regulation of growth, reporduction, and some metabolic processes

Question 35

what does the intermedicate lobe of the pituituary gland produce

Answer 35

produces endorphins and enkephalis * released in reponse to server pain or stress

Question 36

how are hormones released

Answer 36

in small amounts to accomplish what needs to be done to maintain homeostasis * other hormones are usually released in repsonse to direct stimuli

Question 37

what does the negative feedback system work

Answer 37

* hypothalamus senses a need for particular hormoe * secretes the releasing hormone into anterior pituitary * anterior pituitary secreates hormone * gland is stimlated to produce hormone * hypothalamus sense the rising level of hormone and stops secreting releasing hormone

Question 38

if the clients hypothalamus is responding to low serum levels of a hormone by way of negative feedback system. what will the client's hypothalamus do?

Answer 38

increase production of the stimulating hormone

Question 39

what is the function of the thyroid hormone

Answer 39

regulates the rate of metabolism as well as growth and development

Question 40

what does the thyroid hormone affect

Answer 40

* heat production and body temperature * oxygen consumption and cardiac output * blood volume * enzyme system activity * metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins

Question 41

symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 41

* fatigue * unexplained weight gain * dry skin/hair * cold sensitivity * puffy face, hands, and feet * thickening of skin * slow heart rate

Question 42

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 42

* rapid/irregular heartbeat * unintended weight loss * increased appetite * anxiety * sleep problems * diarrhea * thin, warm, and moist skin

Question 43

what are people with parathyroid issues more prone to

Answer 43

osteoporosis, becuase calcium is not being processed correctly

Question 44

what does insulin do

Answer 44

stimulates the liver to abe able to uptake, store, and use glucose

Question 45

Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes

Answer 45

**Type 1**: naturally cause by autoimmune destruction of beta cells of pancreas **Type 2:** man caused, can be "fixed" with diet and exercise. progressive loss of beta cell release of insulin

Question 46

symptoms of hyperglycemia

Answer 46

* fruity breath * dehydration * slow, deep respirations (Kussmal) * loss of orientation and coma

Question 47

what are anti-infective agents not used for

Answer 47

not used for viruses

Question 48

what is the gate control theory