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EXAM ONE Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug half life and what affects it?

A

the half-life of a drug is the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one-half the peak level.
half-life is affected by absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

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2
Q

factors that influence the actual effectiveness of drugs in the body

A

weigh, age, gender, genetic factors, physiological/pathological factors, drug tolerance, etc

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3
Q

define drug-drug interactions and when they can occur

A

can occur any time two or more drugs are taken together and can cause adverse effects. these effects can occur at any point of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretions

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4
Q

define drug-laboratory test interactions

A

drugs that may alter the results of lab testing. lab tests may be used to monitor the effects of other medications

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5
Q

define pharmacodynamics

A

what the drug does to the body. includes the action and mechanism of action

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6
Q

define pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does to the drug. includes the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

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7
Q

define pharmacotherapeutics

A

the study of how drugs are used to treat diseases

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8
Q

define critical concentration

A

the amount of a drugs that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect

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9
Q

define loading dose

A

a higher dose than that usually used for treatment

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10
Q

define dynamic equilibrium

A

the actual concentration that a drug reaches in the body
-affected by the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

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11
Q

what is the first pass effect

A

medications are extensively metabolized by the liver which leads to a lesser concentration of the drug initially being reached

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12
Q

what is protein binding

A

when drugs are bound to protein they are restricted to plasma and h ave a harder time reaching target tissues. the less a drug is bound then the more efficiently it can diffuse through cell membranes and exert therapeutic effects

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13
Q

what is the blood brain barrier

A

a semipermeable membrane that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood. it acts as a filter to allow nutrient through. damage to the BBB can occur in neurological diseases: Alzheimer’s, epilepsy, stroke, etc

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14
Q

what organ is responsible for metabolism of drugs

A

liver

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15
Q

what organ is responsible for excretion of drugs

A

the kidneys

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16
Q

what is the goal of an established dosing schedule

A

to achieve a critical concentration of drugs in the body

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17
Q

what is an adverse drug reaction

A

a response to a medicinal product which is harmful and unintended

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18
Q

primary action (adverse drug reaction) and an example

A

an overdose; extension of the desired effect
EX: patient took blood thinners and as a result had a GI bleed

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19
Q

secondary action (adverse drug reaction)

A

undesired effects produced in addition to the pharmacological effects (side effects)
EX: fungal infection after using antibiotic or patient gets a virus after using steroid bc the steroid suppressed the immune system

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20
Q

hypersensitivity reaction (adverse drug reaction)

A

excessive response to primary or secondary effect of drug
EX: anaphylactic= respiratory distress, cytotoxic=causes cell death, serum sickness= antibody circulation causes damage to tissues

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21
Q

Liver Toxicity Assessment

A

fever, nausea, jaundice, change in color of urine/stool, elevated liver enzymes

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22
Q

Kidney Toxicity Assessment

A

change in urinary patterns, elevated BUN and creatinine

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23
Q

Parkinson-like Syndrome Assessment

A

akinesia, tremors, drooling, changes in gait, spasams

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24
Q

Hypoglycemia Assessment

A

low serum blood glucose level, fatigue, drowsiness, clammy skin, headache, confusion, shallow respirations

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25
Atropine-like (anticholinergic) Assessment
dry mouth, dysphagia, heart burn, constipation, urinary hesitancy, dry skin
26
Hyperkalemia Assessment
elevated serum potassium levels, weakness, muscle cramps, diarrhea, slow heart rate, difficulty breathing
27
Visual Toxicity
changes in vision (blurring, color changes, blindness)
28
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
slowed reflexes, rigidity, involuntary movements, hyperthermia, hypertension, tachycardia, fever
29
Central Nervous System Assessment
altered level of consciousness, confusion, delirium, drowsiness, paresthesia
30
Hyperglycemia Assessment
fatigue, increased urination, increased thirst, kussmaul respirations, fruit odor breath
31
Hypokalemia Assessment
Low serum potassium level, weakness numbness, tingling of extremities, muscle cramps
32
Auditory Damage Assessment
dizziness, ringing of ears, loss of balance, loss of hearing
33
what is serum sickness
antibody circulation causes damage to tissues
34
what is teratogenicity
any drug that causes harm to the developing fetus or embryo
35
Define category A teratogenicity
adequate studies have demonstrated NO RISK to fetus in first trimester of pregnancy
36
define category B teratogenicity
animal reproductive studies have not demonstrated risk to fetus, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women
37
define category C teratogenicity
animal reproductive studies have shown an adverse effect on fetus, no human studies, but benefit of drug may outweigh risks
38
define category D teratogenicity
there is evidence of human fetal risk. potential benefits of drug may warrant use in pregnant women despite risk
39
define category X teratogenicity
studies have shown fetal abnormalities and/or evidence to human fetal risk. only use in pregnant women if benefit clearly outweighs risk
40
What are OTC drug
Over the counter drugs are former prescription drugs that have been tested and found to be safe for use by the general public if used as directed
41
problems with OTC drugs
-can mask signs and symptoms of disease -can interact with prescription drugs -can be taken in greater than the recommended dose, leading to toxicity
42
what is an off-label drug
the use of a drug for an indication not approved by the FDA
43
what is a neurotransmitter
a chemical messenger that carries signals between nerve cells, muscles, and glands
44
what is serotonin
influences the effect of other chemical messengers to "tweak" your systems cognition, emotions, physiology, and metabolism -low levels result in sleepiness, brain fog, confusion -low levels found in people with depression regulates mood, attention, and sleep
45
what is dopamine
runs the brain reward system. modulates thoughts, actions, and mood. controls posture, movement, and wakefulness -low levels in parkinsons (make movements slow) -high levels in schizophrenia (causes hallucinations) regulates movement, motivation, attention, and reward **pleasure, attention, muscle contro**l
46
what is acetylcholine
helps run the body. contracts smooth muscles, slows heart rate. can be inhibitory or excitatory -low ACh level in alzheiers disease -**memory** communicates between nerves and muscles
47
what is norepinephrine
increases heart rate, slows digestions. heightens arousal and preps you for actions. sympathetic nervous systems main neurotransmitter **(released by fear and stress)** affects stress, sleep, attention, and focus
48
what is GABA
main inhibitory neurotransmitter. inhibits continuation of signals down a neural pathway (prevents excessive signaling & keeps activity in check because excess brain activity causes a wreck) -supports sleep -disrupting GABA signaling makes anxiety run deep decreased nerve excitability and has a **calming effect**
49
what is Glutamate
-**excitatory** neurotransmitter (NMDA is a glutamate receptor) -aids learning by affecting synaptic plasticity
50
what is the hindbrain
runs from the top of the spinal cord to the midbrain and controls basic **vital functions**
51
what is the midbrain
controls the thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system
52
what is the thalamus
sends direct information into the cerebrum to transfer sensations
53
what is the hypothalamus
acts as a major sensory activity into the body (temp regulation, water balance, appetite, endocrine function
54
what is the forebrain
receives and sends nerve impulses, coordinating speech and communication, and facilitates learning
55
what does the spinal cord do
has sensory fiber that brings information into the CNS from the periphery and motor fiber that causes movement or reaction
56
what is the frontal lobe
voluntary motor function, consciousness, motivation, self monitory. contain Broca's area
57
what is Broca's area
ability to use language
58
what is the parietal lobe
**tactile** reception and association area. processes all sensory data including olfactory and audit
59
what's the prefrontal cortex
complex though, behavior, and morality
60
what is the temporal lobe
hearing, taste, equilibrium, emotion, and memory
61
what is the occipital lobe
visual cortex and association area
62
what is wernicke's area
reception and interpretation of **speech**
63
what is the synaptic cleft
the tiny gap between presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic cell, where neurotransmitters diffuse across
64
what is the limbic system
contain high levels of neurotransmitter and controls expression of **emotions**
65
why might a patient have trouble absorbing a medication
they have a GI problem
66
food a person who takes a lot medication might avoid
grapefruit
67
slowest route of medication administration
oral
68
fastest route of medication administration
IV
69
what cases Kussmaul respiration
diabetic keto acidosis -hyperglycemia
70
what are efferent fibers
carry impulses from CNS to muscles and glands
71
what are afferent fibers
carry impulse from receptor to CNS
72
what is the central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
73
what is the peripheral nervous system
motor and sensory function
74
what is the somatic nervous system
controls voluntary movement (PNS & motor)
75
what is the autonomic nervous system
controls involuntary movement (PNS & motor)
76
what is the sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight response (PNS & motor & autonomic)
77
what is the parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest response

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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